Criteria for Example Essay

The Criteria For A Good Example Essay There are several factors that contribute to good example essay writing. Having excellent grammar, using words correctly, punctuation, and presentation are the biggest points to me. Grammar is important for several reasons. Grammar is what enables us to make structured sentences. Everyone uses grammar to form a sentence. If you have bad grammar, the point of your sentence(s) may become unclear and make it hard for a reader to understand what you are saying. Using words correctly shows that you have a basic knowledge and understanding of grammar. It is a pet-peeve of mine. If someone writes, â€Å"There enrolled in English class. † as opposed to, â€Å"They're enrolled in English class. † it makes them sound less educated then someone who uses the right form of the word. Using punctuation the right way is very important because it can change the whole meaning of a word or the structure of your sentence. For example: if someone is trying to say, â€Å"There is the classroom for my English class. and they write, â€Å"They're is the classroom for my English class. † it changes the sentence to â€Å"They are is the classroom for my English class. † It just simply doesn't make sense. Also, punctuation allows a writer to separate thoughts, show where someone speaking would normally pause, and make the sentence more easily understood to the reader. Presentation is, in my opinion, the most important thing. It remind s me of my career with food, for example. There could be the most amazing tasting dish in front of you but you would never know it if the plate was a sloppy mess. You are more likely to enjoy a dish if it appears to look appealing before you've even tasted it. The same goes with an essay. If the format is all wrong and it is hard to understand, you will be more likely to think the content isn't well prepared and thought out. In conclusion, I believe you can create your own idea of the criteria for good essay writing. This was my example of what I think it takes to be a successful essay writer. You must have a strong knowledge of all the components you believe are important to successfully express your statement.

Bony Anatomy The Knee Joint Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionThe undermentioned chapter intends to supply an overview of current literature pertinent to this survey. A brief lineation of related anatomy and biomechanics of the articulatio genus articulation will be discussed, every bit good as a theoretical association of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis and the lower kinetic concatenation. The clinical, aetiological and epidemiological facets of degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus will be provided, along with the possible effects that assorted intervention option may hold on this disease.Anatomy2.2.1 Bony Anatomy of the Knee JointThe articulatio genus joint maps chiefly as a big hinge-type articulation, dwelling of three articulations ; two tibiofemoral articulations between the medial and sidelong femoral and tibial condyles, and one patellofemoral articulation between the posterior facet of the kneecap and thighbone ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Due to the comparative incongruence of the articulating surfaces, the articulatio genus articulation composite is inherently unstable, hence two fibrocartilage phonograph record ( semilunar cartilage ) exist in the infinite between the shinbone and thighbone, are attached to the intercondylar distinction of the shinbone, and farther addition the congruency of the joint every bit good as provide extra stableness ( Magee, 2008 ) . In add-on to the semilunar cartilage, legion environing ligaments play an of import function in stabilization of the articulatio genus. The name, location and specific map of these ligaments are outlined in the tabular array below.Table 2.1.1 Name Location and maps of articulatio genus ligamentsNameLocationFunctionMedial ( tibial ) collateral ligament ( MCL ) Anchored superiorly to the median femoral epicondyle, inferior to the adductor tubercle, and descends anteriorly to attach to the median border and median surface of the shinbone above and behind the fond regard of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus sinews. Attaches by much of its deep surface to the underlying hempen membrane of the median semilunar cartilage. Stabilises the hinge-like gesture of the articulatio genus and prevents knee abduction Lateral ( fibular ) collateral ligament ( LCL ) Attaches superiorly to the sidelong femoral epicondyle, superior to the channel for the popliteus sinew. Inferiorly, it is attached to a depression on the sidelong surface of the fibular caput. It is separated from the hempen membrane by a Bursa Stabilises the hinge-like gesture of the articulatio genus and articulatio genus adduction. It is stronger than MCL Anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) Attaches to a aspect on the anterior portion of the intercondylar country of the shinbone and ascends posteriorly to attach to a aspect at the dorsum of the sidelong wall of the intercondylar pit of the thighbone Complect the thighbone and shinbone, stops tibia traveling frontward on thighbone, and prevents hyper-extension and inordinate internal rotary motion. ACL crosses sidelong to the PCL as they pass through the intercondylar part Articular capsule and the Bursa Articular capsule presents merely at the sides and posterior facets of the articulatio genus, where it covers the majority of the femoral and tibial condyles. It is stabilised and straighten by the joint ligaments and the musculus sinews. Bursa are extensions of the articulatio genus synovial pit and are filled with synovial fluid The capsule consists of an external hempen bed ( hempen capsule ) and an internal synovial membrane, which is uninterrupted with the synovial liner of the Bursa. They act to cut down clash between the sinews and implicit in castanetss ( hypertext transfer protocol: //andme26.hubpages.com/hub/Anatomy-of-the-knee-Bones-Muscles-Arteries-Veins-Nerves )2.2.2 Neurovascular StructuresTable 2.1.2 Neuravascular constructions of the articulatio genus2.2.3 Lower Limb MusculatureThe primary musculus groups responsible to making motion at the articulatio genus articulation are the quadriceps femoris ( extension ) and hamstrings ( flexure ) . The fond regards, excitation and action of the single musculuss within the quadriceps and hamstring are described in Table 2.1.3.1 and Table 2.1.3.2, severally.Table 2.1.3.1 Attachments, Innervation and Action of Quadriceps Femoris ComponentsMuscleProximal AttachmentDistal AttachmentExcitationActionRectus Femoris Anterior inferior iliac spinal column and Troy superior to acetabulum Via a common sinewy interpolation to the base of kneecap ; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tubercle Femoral Nerve ( L2, L3, L4 ) Extend leg at articulatio genus articulation ; rectus femur besides steadies hip articulation and helps iliopsoas musculus flex the thigh Vastus Lateralis Greater trochanter an sidelong lip of linea aspera of thighbone Vastus Medialis Intertrochanteric line and median lip of linea aspera of thighbone Vastus Intermedius Anterior and sidelong surfaces of shaft of thighbone ( Table abridged from Moore and Dalley, 1999 )Table 2.1.3.2 Attachments, Innervation and Action of Hamstrings ComponentsMuscleProximal AttachmentDistal AttachmentExcitationActionSemitendinosus Ischial tubercle Superior portion of shinbone on median surface Tibial division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Extend thigh ; flex leg and revolve it medially when articulatio genus is flexed Semimembranosus Ischial tubercle Posterior portion of shinbone on median condyle Bicepss Femoris Long caput: ischial tubercle Short caput: linea aspera and sidelong supracondylar line of thighbone Fibula on sidelong side of caput Long caput: Tibial division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Short caput: Common fibular division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Extend thigh ; flex leg and revolve it laterally when articulatio genus is flexed ( Table abridged from Moore and Dalley, 1999 )2.2.4 Lower Limb BiomechanicsThe primary motions of the articulatio genus are flexure and extension, with a smaller rotational constituent when the articulatio genus is flexed ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Table 2.1.4 outlines the chief motions of the articulatio genus articulation, every bit good as the name and action of the musculus bring forthing them.Table 2.1.4 Motions of the articulatio genusMotion and scope of motionNameActionKnee flexors 135A °-150A ° 1. Hamstrings ( semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris ) 2. Popliteus Flexs and rotes leg medially, locks and unlocks the articulatio genus from beginnings of flexure Knee extensors 0A °-10A ° Quadricepss femoris ( rectus femur, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis ) extends leg, ( but flexes thigh by action of rectus femur ) Medial rotary motion 0A °-10A ° Popliteus ( non-weight bearing articulatio genus extended ) , or semitendinosus and semimembranosus ( when knee flexed ) Weakly flexes articulatio genus, unlocks knee by revolving femur 5A ° laterally on fixed shinbone Lateral rotary motion 0A °-30A ° Bicepss femoris ( when knee flexed ) Weakly flexes articulatio genus, unlocks knee by revolving femur 5A ° medially on fixed shinbone ( hypertext transfer protocol: //andme26.hubpages.com/hub/Anatomy-of-the-knee-Bones-Muscles-Arteries-Veins-Nerves ) The comparative incongruence of the articular surface consequences in the articulatio genus being comparatively weak automatically, and a greater trust on the actions of environing musculuss, sinews and ligaments for strength and support ( Magee, 2008 ) . The anterior thigh musculuss are the most critical of these supports, with the quadriceps femoris musculuss being the most of import stabilizer of the articulatio genus articulation ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Because of the fond regard of the quadriceps femoris musculus across two articulations, it is capable of bring forthing action at both the hip and the articulatio genus ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The three vastus musculuss ( vastus intermedius, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis ) form the primary extensor musculus group of the articulatio genus ( Moore and Dalley, 1999, Magee, 2008 ) . The rectus femoris division of the quadriceps femoris musculus Acts of the Apostless, along with the iliopsoas, to flex the hip ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ; Marieb, 2004 ) ; therefore its ability to widen the articulatio genus is compromised when the hip is flexed. As a consequence, the ability of the quadriceps femoris musculus group to bring forth knee extension is most effectual when the hip articulation is extended ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The hamstrings musculus group produces extension at the hip and flexure at the articulatio genus ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ; Marieb, 2004 ) . These two actions of the hamstrings can non be performed maximally at the same clip, as full flexure of the articulatio genus requires so much shortening that the hamstrings can non supply the extra contraction needed for full extension of the hip, and frailty versa ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The hamstrings, nevertheless, demonstrate most activity when they are eccentrically undertaking to defy hip flexure and articulatio genus extension ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . A survey by Wilson et Al ( 2011 ) aimed to look into the correlativity between articulatio genus articulation biomechanics and neuromuscular control and moderate articulatio genus degenerative arthritis radiographic and pain badness, higher articulatio genus adduction minutes ( during stance stage ) and lower articulatio genus flexure angles ( full pace rhythm ) were associated with higher RVAS. Higher hurting tonss were associated with lower pace velocities and reduced activation of the sidelong gastroc between early and late stance stage, which the writers suggested may be a mechanism to antagonize high median compartment articulation burden. Additionally, increased activation of the median hamstring between early stance stage and toe off may be declarative of higher coactivity of these musculuss in a guarding mechanism to increase joint stiffness and cut down the hurting, and perchance to compensate joint instability.2.2.4.1 Kinetic Chain TheoryThe kinetic concatenation is defined as â€Å" a combination of several in turn arranges myofascial, articular and nervous constituents, representing a complex unit † ( Bergmann & A ; Peterson, 2002 ) . In order for this system to map, it requires optimum alliance, mechanics and enlisting of these articulations. There are 3 sub-systems within a kinetic concatenation ( active, inactive and nervous ) , all of which contribute to the production of motion: In the lower limb there exists a functional relationship between the articulatio genus and the superior articulations in the hip and lumbopelvic spinal column, every bit good as the pes and mortise joint, inferiorly. When the pess are weight-bearing, the kinetic concatenation is closed and the links map interdependently, with a alteration in one articulation ensuing in an immediate consequence on the kinematics of other articulations in the concatenation. Therefore, a disfunction in the articulatio genus can hold a direct consequence on next articulation in the concatenation, and frailty versa. This highlights the importance of turn toing non merely the country of ailment, but besides next parts to rectify any potentially altered biomechanics of the kinetic concatenation in entirety.Overview of Osteoarthritis of the KneeEpidemiologyIncidence and PrevalenceBy the age of 60 old ages, about 100 % of the population will hold histologic alterations of devolution in their articulatio genus gristle, over 80 % will hold radiographic grounds of OA in at least one articulation, about 40 % will describe clinical symptoms of arthritis, and 10 % will see activity restriction ( Loeser 2000 ) .Hazard FactorsHarmonizing to the Framingham degenerative arthritis survey, the major hazard factors for KOA were age, female gender, fleshiness, non-smoking, occupational articulatio genus bending, physical labor, and chondrocalcinosis ( Felson 1993 ) . Other hazard factors identified are listed in the tabular array below.Table 2.2.1 Hazard factors and Protective factors for KOA harmonizing to the F ramingham OA surveyHazard factorsAge Female gender Geneticss Race Geographic Fleshiness Major articulation injury Occupational Immobilization High bone mineral denseness Joint hypermobility & A ; instability Insistent articulation usage Peripheral neuropathy Prior inflammatory articulation disease Congenital/developmental defects Crystal deposition in articulations Oestrogen surplus Diabetess, high blood pressure, hyperuricaemiaProtective factorsSmoking Osteoporosis Weight decrease Age: Age is the strongest hazard factor for OA, with an addition in prevalence of diagnostic OA from 7.0 % in those aged 63-69 old ages old to 11.2 % in those over the age of 80. Radiographic grounds of OA increased from 27.4 % amongst those in their 1960ss compared to 43.7 % prevalence in those in their 1880ss ( Felson 1987 ) . Gender: Age related increased in OA were found to be more evident in females ; non merely with respect to incidence, but besides in badness and rate of patterned advance ( grade 3/4 alterations increased in prevalence by 7.9 % from the 6th to eighth decennary of life ( Felson 1990 ) . Although there was small or no difference in gender prevalence of mild OA ( Roberts 1996 ) , females tended to hold more terrible OA, a greater figure of joint engagements, more symptoms, and a higher prevalence of manus and articulatio genus OA ( Kellgren-Lawrence 1963 ) ( Felson1995 ) . Recent surveies suggest that post-menopausal oestrogen lack may play a function in development of KOA in older adult females ( Nevitt 1996 ) . Males, nevertheless, had an increased prevalence of hip OA ( particularly in those aged 55 and supra ) ( Kellgren-Lawrence 1963 ) Fleshiness: Fleshiness is the strongest modifiable hazard factor for development of KOA, particularly in adult females ( Loeser 2000 ) . Harmonizing to the Framingham survey, higher organic structure mass index ( BMI ) was associated with an odds ratio of 1.6 per 5-unit addition in BMI. Similarly, a weight loss correlated to a 40 % lessening in hazard of KOA per 10-lb ( ~4.5kg ) weight loss ( Felson 1988/1997 ) . Hazard for development of KOA increased exponentially when fleshiness was present with an extra hazard factor, such as heavy physical activity. Aged patients in the upper tertile of BMI who performed at least 3 hours of physical activity daily had an odds ratio of 13 for development of KOA ( McAlindon 1999 ) . Major joint injury: The comparative hazard for development of radiographic KOA following meniscectomy for direction of stray meniscal cryings was 14 ( Roos 1998 ) . Surveies besides suggest that quadriceps failing increased the hazard of both radiographic and diagnostic OA ( Slemendra 1997 ) . Insistent articulation usage: While there is deficient informations to propose that featuring activities may take to generalised OA ( Lane 1993 ) , it has been shown that certain businesss may do the overexploitation of peculiar articulations, therefore increasing the hazard of development of localized OA ( Croft 1992 ) . For illustration, occupational articulatio genus bending is strongly associated with KOA and mineworkers frequently exhibit marks of spondylosis ( Felson 1990 ) . Muscle dysbalance & A ; wasting: Muscles play a major function in joint biomechanics as the green goods motions, absorb burden, and supply dynamic joint stableness. It is therefore possible that musculus failing due to aging or anterior injury my consequence in loss of the protective musculus control, inordinate joint motion and instability ( Slemendra 1997 ) . Ultimately this will do stress-induced microtrauma of the articular gristle due to the increased happening in physiological shear and extremum articulation forces. Over an drawn-out period of clip, this microtrauma will do gristle devolution, with pathological subchondral force per unit area addition and attendant subchondral induration, and joint prostration with axis maldeviation ( mention ) . Slemenda et Al. conducted a prospective survey in which reduced articulatio genus extensor strength was present in those topics who developed OA as compared to the unaffected participants ( Slemendra 1998 ) . Similar findings were seen in a survey by on patients with one-sided mortise joint OA, in which the affected side displayed reduced calf perimeter and decreased electromyography ( EMG ) frequences of lower leg musculuss ( Valdererrohano 2006 ) . In a healthy person, musculus biopsies have shown wasting of type-1 musculus fibers ( slow-twitch ) in the vastus lateralis following periods of articulatio genus immobilization. In KOA patients nevertheless, failing of the vastus lateralis was largely due to type-2 fiber wasting ( Nakamara and Suzuki 1992 ) . Fink et al so investigated the structural alterations in the vastus medialis and found type-2 fiber wasting in all specimens ( which was consistent with informations from Nakamara ) every bit good as extra type-1 fiber wasting in 32 % of patients ( Fink 2007 ) . Exercise preparation has been found to increase diameter of both type-1 and type-2 musculuss fibers ( Saltin 1977 ) , and was therefore the recommendation of the writers in order to antagonize the musculus wasting and therefore protract the oncoming of OA. As musculuss increase in size with exercising, it is suspected that wasting in creaky patients is non merely caused by neglect in the presence of joint stiffness and hurting, but besides by age-related sarcopenia ( generalized loss of skeletal musculus mass ) , physical immobilization and decreased physical activity ( Goodpaster 2006 ) . This musculus wasting, irrespective of its causative pathomechanism, has been found to be strongly correlated to the development of OA. Since exercising additions muscle mass and improves musculus map, it is likely to play an of import function in intervention and bar of OA.PathologyOA is characterised by focal loss of gristle with grounds of attach toing periarticular bone response. Clinically, it presents as joint hurting and crepitus in the aged age group, and is radiographically characterised by reduced joint infinite, osteophytes and a assortment of malformations that develop as the disease progresses.Pathogenesis and MorphologyNormal hyaline gr istle comprises chondrocytes ( 1-2 % ) embedded in extra-cellular matrix, which in bend is constituted by H2O, type-II collagen and proteoglycans. Articular gristle performs two chief maps: 1 ) along with synovial fluid, it provides virtually friction-free motion within the joint ; and 2 ) in weight-bearing articulations, it spreads the burden across the joint surface in a mode that allows the implicit in castanetss to absorb daze and weight. These maps require that gristle be elastic and have a high tensile strength. These properties are provided by proteoglycans and type II collagen, both of which are produced by chondrocytes. Articular gristle invariably undergoes matrix devolution and replacing. Any instability in normal chondrocytes ability to keep gristle synthesis and debasement can take to OA. Majority of the pathological alterations in OA occur in the gristle itself, nevertheless as the disease progresses, the organic structure and synovial constructions besides begin to de mo marks of devolution. ( Reference ) Cartilage Changes: Chondrocyte map can be affected by a assortment of influences, including mechanical emphasiss, aging, metabolic and familial factors, increased bone denseness and high oestrogen degrees. Regardless of the inciting stimulation, early OA is marked by the degenerating gristle incorporating more H2O and less proteoglycan ( mention ) . This occurs as a consequence of an enzymatic debasement of the major structural constituents, aggrecan and collagen, which causes reactive proliferation of chondrocytes to organize bunchs ( ringers ) with increased production of matrix constituents. Although the turnover of aggrecan constituents is increased, the concentration finally falls. The lessening in size of hydrophilic aggrecan molecules increases the H2O concentration and swelling force per unit area in gristle, farther interrupting the staying staging of type II collagen. Overall, gristle tensile strength and resiliency are compromised doing it susceptible to supporting hurts. ( BOON ET AL ) Progression of these alterations leads to transgress of surface unity, crevices, opposing, flaking of gristle and development of perpendicular clefts ( fibrillations ) , localised chondrocyte decease and lessening in gristle thickness. Cartilage loss is focal instead than widespread and normally restricted to the maximal supporting portion of the joint ( BOON ET AL ) . Gross scrutiny at this phase reveals a soft farinaceous articular gristle surface ( kumar et Al ) . Bone Changes: The bone instantly below the compromised gristle responds by increasing its trabecular thickness ( subchondral induration ) , which in some instances reflects healed trabeculate microfractures or countries of osteonecrosis caused by the increased force per unit area in bone as the gristle fails in its load-transmitting map. The break gaps allow synovial fluid to be forced into the subchondral parts, organizing hempen walled cysts. At the border of the joint there is formation of new fibrocartilage, which so undergoes endochondral ossification to organize osteophytes. Despite cardinal and fringy new bone formation, with terrible gristle loss, crevices may intensify and expose the subchondral bone to have on, with the unprotected bone ends going ivory-like due to inspissating and vascularization ( eburnation ) , frequently with deep linear furrows ( BOON ET AL ) . Small breaks can free pieces of gristle and subchondral bone into the joint, organizing loose organic structu res ( joint mice ) . Bone remodelling and gristle thinning easy alter the form of OA articulations, increasing their surface Other Changes: The synovial membrane undergoes variable grades of hyperplasia, sometimes as aureate although less widespread as RA ( In terrible disease, a hempen synovial pannus covers the peripheral parts of the articular surface ) . Osteochondral organic structures normally occur within the synovial membrane, reflecting chondroid mataplasia or secondary consumption and growing of damaged gristle fragments. The outer capsule besides thickens and contracts, normally retaining the stableness of the remodelling articulation. The musculuss that act over the joint normally show non-specific type-II fiber wasting ( BOON ET AL ) .Natural HistoryThe class of OA is extremely variable. Those patients with multiple affected articulations tend to hold a more rapid patterned advance of OA in their single articulations ( Felson 1993 ) . Advanced age ( Felson 1993 ) and fleshiness ( Felson 1993 ) are besides associated with more rapid patterned advance. Primary OA is regarded as by and large easy progressive, which is apparent in one 3rd to two tierces of radiographic OA instances ; while it has been known to brace for many old ages, betterments are rare ( kumar et Al ) . Diagnostic OA may come on, or better, or may even be arrested due to the fact that symptoms have been shown to be ill correlated to radiographic patterned advance ( Kellgren-Lawrence 1963 ) . Osteophye encroachments on spinal hiatuss are a common cause of nervus root entrapment, which may ensue in neurological shortages such as radicular hurting, musculus wasting or cramp, and centripetal loss. With clip, entire articulation prostration may happen, but unlike Rheumatoid arthritis, does non ensue in joint anchylosis ( merger ) . ( kumar et Al )Subsets of OAPrimary OA can be categorised into three major subsets, although it may non be easy to find an exact differentiation between the subsets ( Doherty 1994 ) . Nodal Generalised OA: GOA is characterised by distal, and proximal to a lesser extent, interphalangeal ( IP ) articulation engagement, Heberden ‘s nodes ( cadaverous expansion of DIP articulation ) , Bouchard ‘s nodes ( cadaverous expansion of PIP articulation ) and familial bunch. It peaks at in-between age and is common in females ( Doherty 1994 ) . Erosive OA: Characterised by engagement of IP articulations of custodies, frequently with aureate redness and erosive alterations, that subsequently take to malformations and anchylosis. A little proportion ( 15 % ) may germinate into seropositive rheumatoid arthritis ( Doherty 1994 ) . Isolated big joint OA: Knee: This is the most common signifier of OA, frequently happening bilaterally. It may affect preponderantly the median femorotibial, sidelong femorotibial or patellofemoral compartment. Hip: Predominantly involves the superior pole or the median compartment. Spinal column: Apophyseal joint engagement is the lone true signifier of OA that can affect the spinal column and is typically manifested my hurting on extention on the spinal column. Intervertebral phonograph record ( IVD ) devolution with osteophyte formation is considered an built-in portion of OA, and normally affects the lumbar and cervical parts. Diffuse intraosseeous skeletal hyperostosis ( DISH ) and ossification of posterior longitudinal ligaments ( OPLL ) are considered to be discrepancies of spondylosis, and comprise fluxing calcification of the disc border and anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament, severally ( mention ) .Clinical FeaturesSigns and symptoms of OA may take many old ages after the oncoming of the disease to go clinically apparent. This is due the fact that the patterned advance of the disease is extremely variable & A ; there tends to be hapless correlativity to radiographic and microscopic patterned advance. Another possible ground that there may be a hold in the visual aspect of symptoms after devolution has taken topographic point is because due to a deficiency of excitation within the gristle ( Lane 1993 ) . Joints normally involved in OA are the articulatio genus, fingers, and spinal apophyseal articulations. Less normally are the hips, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular articulations, while carpal, cubitus, mortise joint and glenohumeral articulations are seldom involved in isolation.Signs and SymptomsSymptoms if OA often have an insidious oncoming and an asymmetrical distribution, subsequently going symmetric as the disease progresses. Factors that may foretell the presence of diagnostic OA and rate of patterned advance include advanced age, fleshiness and multiple affected articulations. The central marks of OA include bony puffiness, synovial gush, crepitus, restricted scope of gesture, joint malformation and, musculus failing and wasting. Symptoms associated with OA include hurting, joint stiffness and functional damage, although all need n't be present at the same clip & A ; badness: Pain: Pain normally begins as an intermittent localised deep aching in and around the affected articulation, frequently exacerbated by motion. As the disease progresss, hurting may go more relentless, going nowadays at dark and during remainder. In KOA, hurting is normally localised to the front tooth and median facets of the articulatio genus and upper thigh, normally occurs with step usage, mounting in and out of vehicles, and making day-to-day activities such as bathing, standing from a seated place and utilizing a lavatory. These jobs may be amplified in the presence of attendant hip pathologies, where normal walking pace is likely to be altered as a consequence of the inguen and leg hurting. Stiffness: Stiffness in the involved articulations is typically present and worst first thing in the forenoon ( forenoon stiffness ) and lasts between five and 30 proceedingss. Stiffness may besides be present subsequently in the twenty-four hours after periods of remainder or inaction ( gelling ) , but is brief and relieved by soft motion ( Doherty 1994 ) . This stiffness is frequently associated with impaired motion within the joint and my consequence from a figure of causes ; joint adhesion, capsular tightening and thickener, inflexibleness of the overlying soft tissue and/or altered joint construction ( eg. as a consequence of osteophyte formation ) . Functional Damage: The badness of functional damage is mostly dependent on the grade of devolution, type of joint involved every bit good as the specific location of the devolution within the joint. For illustration, if there is pronounced devolution with osteophyte formation on next jointing surfaces, which make contact during motion, one would anticipate to happen that scope of gesture is impaired. Similarly, loose organic structures may ensue in reduced scope of gesture every bit good as possible lockup or buckling, particularly if located within the articulatio genus articulation. Crepitus develops as a consequence of gristle loss articulation and abnormalities on jointing surfaces such that they longer skid swimmingly over one another. This creates a stuttered-type gesture, which can be palpated on scrutiny of scope of gesture. In terrible instances this crepitus may even make hearable â€Å" dads † . Crepitus is present in over 90 % of patients with KOA ( mention ) . In terrible instances, joint subluxation may happen when there is uneven wear of the joint surfaces. Over an drawn-out period of clip this will ensue in asymmetrical joint infinite narrowing and finally prostration. When this occurs in the articulatio genus, the median tibiofemoral articulation to typically more affected than the sidelong and in over 50 % of patients will do the development of a knee varus ( â€Å" bow leg malformation † ) . Functional damage may besides ensue non merely from structural alterations to the joint surfaces, but besides from other alterations associated with OA, such as arthrogenic musculus suppression. In this instance, the patient may see failing due to wasting of the surrounding musculuss, every bit good as stiffness or reduced scope of gesture due to inflexibleness ( Hurley 1998 ) .Table 2.2.2 Outline of Typical Symptoms of OsteoarthritisSymptomsPatient over age of 45 Insidious onset over months or old ages Variable or intermittent hurting over clip Chiefly related to motion and weight-bearing, relieved by remainder Merely brief forenoon ( & lt ; 15 proceedingss ) stiffness and â€Å" gelling † ( & lt ; 1 minute ) after remainder Normally merely one or two articulations painful ( non multiple regional hurting ) ( Adapted from Davidson ‘s )Table 2.2.3 Outline of Clinical Signs Characteristic of OsteoarthritisSignsRestricted motion ( capsular thickener, barricading by osteophytes ) Palpable, sometimes hearable, class crepitus ( unsmooth articular surfaces ) Bony swelling ( osteophytes ) around articulation borders Deformity, normally without instability Joint-line or periarticular tenderness Muscle failing, blowing No, or merely mild, synovitis ( gush, increased heat ) ( Adapted from Davidson ‘s )2.3.3.2 Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition ( AMI )AMI is defined as the failure of a functional musculus group to enroll all motor units during maximum voluntary contraction ( Suter et al, 2000 ) . When joint receptors are subjected to distention, compaction, ligamentous stretch, gush and hurting, this protective mechanism is activated, doing automatic suppression of the environing muscularure to forestall farther hurt to the joint ( Crossman and Neary, 1995 ) . The hurting, joint annoyance and musculus cramps frequently associated with KOA, taking to biomechanical alterations and redness, consequences in an suppression of the joint motorneuron pool and inability to enroll all the musculus fibers within the musculus groups that cross the affected articulation. The net consequence is: lessening musculus strength ( existent and/or evident failing ) , doing holds in the rehabilitation advancement ( Hopkins and Ingersoll, 2000 ) Altered motion forms due to a alteration in motor control and joint proprioception, increasing the hazard of hurting, re-injury and accelerated devolution because of the deformed articulation forces ( Lee, 4004 )Diagnostic StandardsPrior to the development of clinical standards for diagnosing of OA in 1981? , the diagnosing of OA was frequently based on radiographic visual aspect and standards proposed by Kellgren and Lawrence in 1957, which is accepted by the World Health Organisation. The diagnosing of OA is mostly clinico-radiographic, that is both clinical and radiographic characteristics are taken into consideration to find the presence and badness of the disease. It is widely acknowledged that radiographic alterations may non be present in the early phases of devolution, while merely 40-50 % of patients with radiographic grounds of OA are clinically symptomless ( Roberts 1996 ) . For this ground the American Rheumatism Association devised diagnostic standards for OA in assorted articulations.Table 2.2.4 Clinico-radiographic Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the KneeTraditional formatClassification tree formatKnee hurting OsteophytesPlusOne of three: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus Knee hurting and OsteophytesOrKnee hurting and age a†°? 40 old ages and forenoon stiffness a†°Ã‚ ¤ 30 proceedingss in continuance and crepitus on gesture( Altman 1986 )Table 2.2.5 Clinico-radiographic Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the HipHip hurting At least two of the followers: ESR Westergreen & lt ; 20mm/hr Radiographic femoral or cotyloid osteophytes Radiographic joint infinite narrowing ( superior, axial and/or medial )( Altman 1991 )Table 2.2.6 Clinico-radiographic Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the HandssHand hurting, hurting, or stiffness Three or four of the followers: Hard tissue expansion of 2 or more of 10 selected joints* Hard tissue expansion of 2 or more DIP articulations Less than 3 conceited MCP articulations Deformity of at least one of 10 selected joints* * 10 selected articulations are 2nd and 3rd DIP articulation, 2nd and 3rd PIP articulation, and 1st carpometacarpal joint( Altman 1990 )Radiographic DiagnosisThere are eight central marks of DJD: asymmetric distribution, non-uniform loss of joint infinite, osteophytes, subchondral induration, subchondral cysts, intra-articular loose organic structures, intra-articular malformation, and joint subluxation. The radiographic presentation of OA varies depending on the joint involved, the anatomic relationships, and the emphasis to which the articulation is subjected. Therefore all eight marks need non be present in order to set up a diagnosing of OA ; nevertheless they may be utile in in finding the grade of underlying diseased sequences affecting the joint compartments. The tabular array below is the scaling system used to set up radiographic badness of OA ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) .Table 2.2.7 Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of OsteoarthritisDescriptionNormal No alteration Class I Improbable narrowing of the joint infinite, possibleA osteophytes Grade II SmallA osteophytes, possible narrowing of the joint Grade III Multiple, reasonably sizedA osteophytes, definite joint infinite narrowing, some sclerosed countries, possible distortion of bone terminals Grade IV Multiple largeA osteophytes, terrible joint infinite narrowing, marked induration and definite cadaverous terminal malformation. mention Asymmetrical Distribution: There is often a seeable disparity when comparing the extent of joint engagement with the unaffected ( or lesser affected ) articulation on the contralateral side. The asymmetrical distribution of OA helps to separate it from inflammatory arthropathies, such as RA, when have a characteristically symmetrical engagement ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Non-Uniform Loss of Joint Space: Decrease in joint infinite is most likely to happen at the parts of greatest intra-articular emphasis, which is particularly apparent in weight-bearing articulations such as the spinal column, hip, and articulatio genus ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Osteophytes: Radiographically, these are seen as cadaverous branchs widening from the part of capsular interpolation into the joint infinite. In really terrible instances the osteophyte may wholly bridge the joint infinite, doing anyklosis of the joint ( cite – Y & A ; R? ) . Subchondral Sclerosis ( Eburnation ) : This is normally apparent in countries where there is the greatest loss in gristle tallness. It occurs as a consequence of increased mechanical forces being transmitted to the joint surfaces that lack the daze absorbing consequence of normal gristle thickness. In order to antagonize these increased forces, the bing trabeculate bone thickens and new bone is formed. This is seen on radiogram as increased countries of radio-opacity in the subchondral bone underlying parts of reduced joint infinite ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Subchondral Cysts ( Goedes ) : These are focal parts of loss in bone denseness, of variable size, which appear as rounded countries of radiolucency and frequently have a sclerosed border. They are located in countries of old subchiondral induration, and occur either as a consequence of synovial fluid invasion through the open articular home base or secondary to trabeculate break and subsequent mortification ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Intra-Articular Loose Bodies ( Joint Mice ) : As joint devolution advancements, flaking and atomization may ensue in intra-articular accretion of free drifting organic structures, comprised mostly of gristle and on occasion subchondral bone ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Articular Deformity: Progressive distortion of the articular surfaces may happen following insistent emphasis, doing big subchondral cysts, trabeculate remodelling, break and prostration, which may be exacerbated my mortification due to secondary vascular perturbations ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Joint Subluxation: The joint finally becomes unstable and prone to displacement due to joint surface distortion, loss of joint infinite, and laxness within the construction of the ligaments and sinews. This alters in the burden distribution, farther increasing the unbalances emphasiss of the joint, speed uping the degenerative procedure ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) .Clinical DiagnosisAltman et Al. ( 1986 ) developed sets of standards for the categorization of idiopathic OA of the articulatio genus.Table 2.2.8 Classification Criteria for Diagnosis of Idiopathic Osteoarthritis ( OA ) of the Knee *Clinical and research labClinical and radiolograohicClinical **Knee Pain + at least 5 of 9: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus Bony tenderness Bony Enlargement No tangible heat ESR & lt ; 40 mm/hr RF & lt ; 1:40 SF OA Knee Pain + at least 1 of 3: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus + Osteophytes Knee Pain + at least 3 of 6: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus Bony tenderness Bony Enlargement No tangible heat 92 % Sensitivity 75 % Specific 91 % Sensitivity 86 % Specific 95 % Sensitivity 69 % Specific * ESR = erythrocyte sedementation rate ( Westergreen ) ; RF = arthritic factor ; SF OA = synovial fluid marks of OA ( clear, syrupy, or white blood cell count & lt ; 2000/mm3 ) . ** Alternative would be 4 of 6, which is 84 % sensitive and 89 % particular. ( mention )Differentiation from other Arthritic DiseasesArthritic arthritis: associated with more marks of redness affecting the MCP, carpus, wrist bones and other peripheral articulations, every bit good as the cervical spinal column. Generalised OA involves the DIP, PIP and first CMC articulations in the manus and, cervical and lumbar spinal column parts. RA distinguished from erosive OA through positive research lab trial, such as arthritic factor, ESR, and synovial fluid analysis ( Boon et al, ) . Joints actively involved in arthritic arthritis seldom show osteophytes, therefore their presence is a utile index of OA if the patient presents with a assorted clinical image. If osteophytes precede arthritic engagement, it indicated that rheumatoid arthritis has evolved from an erosive OA. Conversely, they will merely develop in secondary devolution following RA burn out ( Yochum & A ; Rowe, ) . Pseudogout: differentiated from OA by presence of CPPD crystals in synovial fluid, every bit good the in engagement of articulations that are non typically associated with primary OA, such as the cubitus and shoulder ( McCarthy 1998 ) .Table 2.2.9 Categorization for Subsets of Idiopathic OsteoarthritisLocalised:Handss: Heberden ‘s and Bouchard ‘s nodes ( nodal ) Erosive interphalangeal arthritis ( non-nodal ) Scaphometacarpal Scophotrapezal Foot: Halux valgus Hallux rigidus Contracted toes ( hammer/cock-up toes ) Talonavicular Knee: Medial compartment Lateral compartment Patellofemoral compartment Hip: Eccentric ( superior ) Concentric ( axial, median ) Diffuse ( coxae senilis ) Spine ( peculiarly cervical and lumbar ) : Apophyseal Intervertebral ( phonograph record ) Spondylosis ( osteophytes ) Ligamentous hyperostosis [ DISH* or Forestier ‘s disease ] ) Other individual sites: Shoulder Temporomandibular Sacroiliac Ankle Wrist AcromioclavicularGeneralised ( includes 3 or more sites listed above ) :Small ( peripheral ) and spinal column Large ( cardinal ) and spinal column Mixed ( peripheral and cardinal ) and spinal column * DISH = Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis

Rotational Dynamics

Rotational Dynamics Abstract Rotational dynamics is the study of the many angular equivalents that exist for vector dynamics, and how they relate to one another. Rotational dynamics lets us view and consider a completely new set of physical applications including those that involve rotational motion. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the rotational concepts of vector dynamics, and study the relationship between the two quantities by using an Atwood machine, that contains two different masses attached. We used the height (0. Mom) of the Atwood machine, and the average time (2. 5 s) the heavier eight took to hit the bottom, to calculate the acceleration (0. 36 m/SAA) of the Atwood machine. Once the acceleration was obtained, we used it to find the angular acceleration or alpha (2. 12 radar/SAA) and moment of force(torque) of the Atwood machine, in which then we were finally able to calculate the moment of inertia for the Atwood machine. In comparing rotational dynamics a nd linear dynamics to vector dynamics, it varied in the fact that linear dynamics happens only in one direction, while rotational dynamics happens in many different directions, while they are both examples of vector dynamics.Laboratory Partners Divine Kraal James Mulligan Robert Goalless Victoria Parr Introduction The experiment deals with the Rotational Dynamics of an object or the circular motion (rotation) of an object around its axis. Vector dynamics, includes both Rotational and Linear dynamics, which studies how the forces and torques of an object, affect the motion of it. Dynamics is related to Newton's second law of motion, which states that the acceleration of an object produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.This is where the famous law of F=ma, force equals mass times acceleration, which directly deals with Newton's second law of motion. The important part of Newton's second law and how it relates to rotational dynamics and circular motion, is that Newton's second law of rotation is applied directly towards the Atwood machine, which is Just a different form of Newton's second law. This equation for circular motion is: torque=FRR=l(alpha), which is important for helping us understand what forces are acting upon the Atwood machine. It is important to test the formulas because it either refutes or provesNewton's second law of rotation and more importantly helps us discover the moment of inertia and what it really means. Although both rotational and linear dynamics fall under the category of vector dynamics, there is a big difference between the two quantities. Linear dynamics pertains to an object moving in a straight line and contains quantities such as force, mass, displacement, velocity, acceleration and momentum. Rotational dynamics deals with objects that are rotating or moving in a curved path and involves the q uantities such as torque, moment of inertia, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and angular momentum.In this lab we will be incorporating both of these ideas, but mainly focusing on the rotational dynamics in the Atwood Machine. Every value that we discover in the experiment is important for finding the moment of inertia for the Atwood machine, which describes the mass property of an object that describes the torque needed for a specific angular acceleration about an axis of rotation. This value will be discovered by getting the two masses used on the Atwood machine and calculating the weight, then getting the average time it takes for the smaller weight to hit the ground, the height of theAtwood machine, the radius, the circumference, and the mass of the wheel. From these values, you can calculate the velocity, acceleration, angular acceleration, angular velocity, and torque. Lastly, the law of conservation of energy equation is used to find the formulas used to finally obtain the moment of inertia. Once these values are obtained, it is important to understand the rotational dynamics and how it relates to vector dynamics. It is not only important to understand how and why they relate to each other, but to prove or disprove Newton's second law of motion and understand what it means.Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to study the rotational concepts of vector dynamics, and to understand the relationship between them. We will assume the relationships between the two quantities hold to be true, by using an Atwood machine with two different masses attached to discover the moment of inertia for the circular motion. Equipment The equipment used in this experiment is as follows: 1 Atwood machine 1 0. 20 kilogram weight 1 0. 25 kilogram weight 1 scale 1 piece of string 1 stopwatch with 0. 01 accuracy Procedure 1 . Gather all of the equipment for the experiment. 2.Measure the weight of the two masses by using the scale, making sure to measure as accurately as possible. 3. Measure the length of the radius of the wheel on the Atwood machine. Then after obtaining this number, double it to obtain the circumference. 4. After measuring what is need, proceed to set up the Atwood machine properly. Ask the TA for assistance if needed. 5. First start by tying the end of the string to both weights, double knotting to make sure that it is tight. 6. Set the string with the weights attached to the groove of the Atwood machine wheel, making sure that it is properly in place. 7.Then set the lighter mass on the appropriate end of the machine, and hold in place, so that the starting point is at O degrees. 8. Make sure that the stopwatch is ready to start recording time. 9. When both the timer and the weight dropper are ready to start, release the weight and start the time in sync with one another. 10. At the exact time the mass makes contact with the floor, stop the time as accurately and precise as possible. 1 1 . Repeat this process three times, so t hat an average can be obtained of the three run times, making the data a much more accurate representation of the time it takes he weight to hit the ground. 2. Now that the radius, masses, and time are recorded, it is time to perform the calculations of the data. 13. Calculate the velocity, acceleration, angular acceleration, moment of force or torque, and finally moment of inertia. 14. Finally, compare the relationships of the rotational concepts inquired and draw conclusions. Notes and Observations The Atwood machine contained four outer cylinders that stuck out of the wheel, which cause air resistance in rotation, and contribute to the moment of inertia. The timer, was hard to stop at the exact right time when the weight made contact with he floor.Lastly, there was friction of the string on the wheel, when the weight was released and it rubbed on the wheel. Data Mass of the first weight: 250 g=O. Keg Mass of the second weight: egg=O. Keg Weight 1=MGM= 2. 45 N Weight 2=MGM= 1. 96 N Time 1: 2. 20 seconds Time 2: 2. 19 seconds Time 3: 2. 06 seconds Height: 82. 4 CM= 0. 824 m Radius: 17 CM= 0. 17 m Circumference (distance)= 0. 34 m Mass of the wheel= 221. G x 4= egg= 0. Keg 2 x (change in a= (change in 0. 36 urn,'92 a=r x (alpha) alpha= alarm = 2. 12 radar/92 Velocity'=d/t -?0. 58 m/s E(final) E(final) + Work of friction (l)g(change in height)= h + m(2)g(change in height) + h + h law v/r Moment of Inertia= 0. 026 keg x m/SAA summation of . 876 Error Analysis There was error to account for in this lab, which first started with the four cylinders that stuck out of the Atwood machine in a circular pattern. This caused air resistance in which we could not account for. We only measured the weight of the four cylinders for the total weight of the Atwood machine, because the wheel itself was massages in comparison.Even though it accounted for very little error in our experiment, it effected the other numbers that we calculated in our data, making them a little less ac curate. When finding the amount of time it took the heavier weight to make contact with the rubber pad, there was human error in the reaction time of the timer in which we accounted for, making our data more accurate and precise. This is why we averaged all of the values in order to make the times more precise. Lastly, there was error for the friction of the string making contact with the wheel, which we did not account for, because there was no way of accounting for it.The reason why the force f the tension and the weight were not equal to each other was because of this friction force that existed, which we were not able to find. Conclusion Throughout this experiment we examined the circular dynamics of a pendulum when outside act upon it, making the pendulum move in a circular motion. We measured many values, including the period, in order to determine the theoretical and experimental forces acting on the pendulum. From this we were able to draw conclusions about how the experimen tal and theoretical forces relate to each other.We also were able to test Newton's second law of motion determining whether or not t holds to be true. The values that we obtained to get our experimental and theoretical forces started with setting up the cross bar set-up, and attaching the string with the pendulum to the force gauge and obtaining the tension in the string which was 3 Newton's, by reading the off of the gauge, while the pendulum was swinging in a circle. We then measured the mass of the pendulum with a balance scale to be 0. 267 kilograms, which were then able to find the weight to be 2. 63 Newton's.Next we were able to find the length of the string and force gauge attached to the pendulum. Instead of measuring Just the string attached to the pendulum, we also measured the force gauge, because without it our readings would be inaccurate. After placing the wall grid under the pendulum, we received the numeric value of 0. 5 meters of the radius by reading it off of the chart, by measuring from the origin, to the end of the where the pendulum hovered the graph. Then we found the period by using the stopwatch, which was 1. 71 seconds. We started the time at the beginning of the first crossbar and ended it at the same place.With these numbers that we measured we were able o calculate the angle of the string to the crossbars when it was in motion to be 35. 5 degrees. Then we found the constant velocity by using V = nor/t, in which we obtained the value of 1. 84 meters/second. From this we used the formula a = ‘ГËÅ"2/r to calculate the constant acceleration which was 6. 67 m/SAA, which we came to the understanding that the pendulum was moving very quickly, and that it took a while to slow down. From this we used Newton's famous second law, which was F=ma, to solve for the Force that was subjected on the pendulum.We knew that if this value was airily close to our experimental value that his theory would be proven correct. Me modified the equa tion to fit for the situation that was involved, in which we used F = m x ‘ГËÅ"2/r to receive the value of 1. 81 Newton's. Lastly, by using all of the data that we obtained from the experiment, we used the formula Force Experimental= Ft(sin B) to get an experimental force value of 1. 74 Newton's, which lead us to believe we solved for the correct formulas, and followed the procedure for the experiment correctly. Some of the discrepancy in our data comes from the instability of the crossbar set- up.This is because our crossbar holders were not in place correctly, which we couldn't correct, so we obtained our data as accurately as we could. Another error in our data came from the force gauge, in that it didn't stand still when we set the pendulum in motion. We couldn't read exactly what was on the force gauge and it also kept changing numbers, so we had to estimate based on what we saw. Lastly, the error in reaction time of the stopwatch changed our data. Without these erro rs existing, I believe our experimental values would be closer to our theoretical values. Even though this may be true, our values were only different by 0. Newton's, meaning we performed the experiment correctly for the most part. From the results that we obtained from the experiment, we now understand what we would have to do to improve our results in collecting data and obtaining the Experimental Force acting on the pendulum. Our error could have been improved by using a different table with more stability, improving our reaction time, and obtaining multiple values for the force gauge then averaging the results. We figured out that even though there was error in our experimentation, that our values were still pretty accurate Judging by the theoretical value.Theoretical values are based on what is discovered by physicists performing the experiment over and over again. So to use these values and get a number only fractions off, shows that the way we performed our experiment was not very far off. We proved Newton's second law to be true, because by doing the experiment and getting similar values shows that his concept holds to be true. The forces that we used to move the pendulum showed the dynamics of the pendulum, and how this can be used to understand concepts of the planets rotating around the sun in the universe, Just at a much smaller scale.

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International Relations - Research Project with Outline Paper

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Learning Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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A Key Concept in Information Systems Term Paper

A Key Concept in Information Systems - Term Paper Example Information technology is also a fundamental component of information systems. Technologies such as the internet, artificial intelligence among others are critical in helping humans to perform activities and tasks that are difficult and tiring for humans such as handling huge volumes of data and information, accurately controlling simultaneous processes and performing complex calculations (Stair & Reynolds, 2011). Over the past decade, information systems have become an integral part of any organization or business. It plays a fundamental role in determining the daily operations and sustainability of the business or organization in the future. Consequently, it has become a critical aspect of information systems management to identify critical issues that affect the operation and use of information systems (Peltier, 2013). The several concerns include personal, legal, ethical and organizational issues that result from the use of information systems. The development of this concept was mainly occasioned by the increased compromise of confidentiality, integrity, completeness and accuracy of data and information that is stored in the information systems. Activities such as e-mails, malware, freeware and shareware, phishing, piracy, hacking among other threats are some of the common issues affecting the information systems all over the world. Consequently, a key concept in information systems is e nsuring privacy, confidentiality, accuracy and completeness through information system security (Peltier, 2013). Information systems are used in major government agencies, public institutions such as health facilities and also in the private sector for different purposes. With the increasing threats to information systems from external and internal sources, these organizations must ensure availability or reliable information security plans that address personal users of the systems, the

Emergency Management 6-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emergency Management 6-2 - Essay Example The Tropical Storm Irene, Western Massachusetts report includes the following sections: an executive summary, comparative analysis of the AAR/IPs of tropical storm Irene and the tornado. Sections A-D of the report provides a comparative analysis of the incidence in different countries: Franklin, Berkshire, Hampshire, and Hampden counties. It is evident that the plan by IEMA, 2007, is extensive in coverage of the content compared to the Tropical Storm Irene, Western Massachusetts report by WRHSAC, 2011. The two follow a general format that is acceptable according to the guidelines of reporting an emergency management plan. HSEEP influence on the after action report not only bases on the content but also in terms of format. The content in the two articles begins by identifying the areas of strength and those requiring improvement, which is in line with the guidelines offered by HSEEP. The report by IEMA, 2007, is extensive in coverage of the content compared to the Tropical Storm Irene, Western Massachusetts report. The two follow a general format that is acceptable according to the guidelines of reporting an emergency management plan. HSEEP influence on the after action report not only bases on the content but also in terms of format. The content in the two articles begins by identifying the areas of strength and those requiring improvement, which is in line with the guidelines offered by

Program Development and Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Program Development and Evaluation Essay Early Childhood Education focuses on the education, language, culture, development and care of young children. As a profession, Early Childhood Education has emerged as one of the major vehicles for child-advocacy in the provision of accessible, high-quality child care and pre-school education. Child care, in this society of increasingly busy working couples, is an important service in the community. Whether it is called child care, kindergarten, preschool, a developmental learning center, a child development center, or one of many other names, they are all providing the important service of caring for our precious children. The increased demand for early childhood education services is partly due to the increased recognition of the crucial importance of experiences during the earliest years of life. Children’s experiences during early childhood not only influence their later functioning in school but can have effects throughout life. For example, current research demonstrates the early and lasting effects of children’s environments and experiences on brain development and cognition (Chugani, Phelps, Mazziotta, 1987). Positive, supportive relationships, important during the earliest years of life, appear essential not only for cognitive development but also for healthy emotional development and social attachment (Stern, 1985). The preschool years are an optimum time for development of fundamental motor skills, language development (Dyson Genishi, 1993), and other key foundational aspects of development that have lifelong implications. In Australia, early childhood educational programs cover a 0-8 years age range. In the state of New South Wales, Kindergarten is the first year of compulsory schooling thus it is governed by the NSW Department of Education and Training and the curriculum content governed by the NSW Board of studies. Child care, on the other hand refers to the care of infants (ages 0-5) by other people during specific periods when the parents are at work. With this set-up, different programming methods are employed. The difference between child care and kindergarten is that kindergarten is an educational experience while child care tends to be care giving so that both parents can work. Good child care programs offer experienced, well-educated teachers who promote childrens cognitive and social development. Kindergarten programs, on the other hand, have set programming standards that are based on the curriculum content governed by the NSW Board of studies. However, in the light that infants and up to kindergarten age belong to the early childhood category, it is best that programming should be the same. It should be able to provide the necessary resources to ensure that every student is offered a high-quality learning environment that prepares a child for further schooling. The purpose of this paper is to present the basis that programming for all early childhood educational programs in NSW should, for the most part, be the same regardless of the setting in which the program exists. Main Body Programming is the process of setting an order and time for planned events or activities. It is the designing, scheduling, or planning of a program. In a formal education setting, syllabus is prepared to outline the set of activities or programs. In NSW schools, teaching and learning programs and the assessing and reporting of student achievement relate directly to the learning outcomes and curriculum content provided in the NSW Board of Studies K-6 syllabuses. As clearly stated in the K-6, programming for kindergarten falls under this curriculum. These syllabuses are grouped into six key learning areas (KLAs). Creative and Practical Arts English Human Society and Its Environment Mathematics Personal Development, Health and Physical Education Science and Technology (Retrived Aug. 31,2006 from http://www. curriculumsupport. education. nsw. gov. au/primary/index. htm) The Board of Studies develops a syllabus for each of the learning areas. Along with a defined aim, each syllabus has a set of objectives and outcomes, expressed in terms of knowledge and understandings, skills, values and attitudes. On the other hand, mostly day care in NSW are managed by community organizations, local councils or private operators. These day care and other childrens services are licensed by the Department of Community Services. NSW Department of Education and Training employs an early childhood trained teacher and a teachers aide in each preschool class. Teachers plan an educational program, which nurtures each childs self esteem, well being and development. The preschool or day care program is designed to stimulate childrens thinking, communicating, investigating, exploring and problem solving skills. Children are encouraged to join in physical activities and to develop good health and safety habits. The program includes play based activities that help children learn how to interact positively with other children and to recognize and accept their own feelings and those of others. The program also supports the development of early language, literacy and numerical skills. In terms of child upbringing however, it is always advocated that child care is inherently inferior to parental care. However, independent studies suggest that good child care for non-infants is not harmful. In some cases, good child care can provide different experiences than parental care does, especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children. A study appearing in Child Development in July/August 2003 found that the amount of time spent in child care before four-and-a-half tended to correspond with the childs tendency to be less likely to get along with others, to be disobedient, and to be aggressive, although still within the normal. On the other hand, bad child care puts the children at physical, emotional and attachment risk. As a matter of social policy, child care should also be regulated by the government so as to ensure quality early childhood education. A good early childhood education program should instruct children in different skill areas that they would need in further schooling. Such skill areas include learning to read, to do math, to progress in science, and to understand the world and how it works. Through early childhood education programs, children are able to become familiar with books, words, language use, numbers and problem solving, as well as important social skills (paying attention in class and peer relationships). Through all these activities, teachers should create positive relationships through warm, sensitive, and responsive care, which will help children feel valued and gain more from their learning experiences. Children need positive relationships so that they feel comfortable and learn how to cooperate with others. This is where skilled early childhood educators should come in. Early childhood care and kindergarten education need teachers who are educated enough to handle young children from infancy through age six. Relationships between teachers and families are also important, and help build environments that nurture childrens growth and development. Children observe the interactions between caregivers and their parents, and what they observe in these interactions is used to build their own relationship with these new adults in their lives. This is a process called social referencing (Hutchins Sims, 1999). There are many ways that quality early childhood programs build relationships with children and among teachers and adults. In visiting a program, how teachers interact with the children fostering positive relationships is clearly seen. Classrooms are welcoming to all children, and children are encouraged to join the group. Teachers communicate with children in a warm manner, including laughing and showing affection, and responding to their needs. Teachers use a gentle tone of voice with children, and bend down to speak with them at eye level. Teachers provide a balance of group activities and one-on-one activities, to encourage children to develop both group and individual relationships. Children in turn have opportunities to play and interact with other children, who help them build friendships and develop social skills, such as working together and taking turns. In good child care program, infants get individual attention from teachers, who communicate with smiles and other nonverbal behavior, and also talk with them, so that infants start to recognize and understand words. Quality early childhood programs foster positive relationships among the children, between children and adults, and among teachers and families to help children get a great start on learning. In view of the need to acquire good educators, the development of professional standards for teachers has grown in importance in the field of education in Australia and overseas. At the national level, development of the National Framework for Professional Standards for Teaching is a key initiative. The Competency Framework for Teachers was created and standards were developed by national teaching associations for English, Mathematics and Science. This Framework is the product of a comprehensive consultation process involving teachers, professional associations, tertiary institutions, the Australian Education Union and other key stakeholders. The Competency Framework for Teachers articulates the complex nature of teaching by describing three professional elements of teachers’ work: attributes, practice and knowledge. These elements work in an interrelated way as they are put into practice in classrooms. Early childhood professionals working in diverse situations and resources are responsible for implementing practices that are developmentally appropriate for the children they serve. These teachers have an ethical responsibility to practice, to the best of their ability, according to the standards of their profession. They are required to acquire the knowledge and practical skills needed to practice through college-level specialized preparation in early childhood education/child development. Moreover, aside from teachers, administrators of early childhood programs are also encouraged to acquire necessary skills in maintaining good practices in their field. In addition to management and supervision skills, administrators have appropriate professional qualifications, including training specific to the education and development of young children, and they provide teachers time and opportunities to work collaboratively with colleagues and parents. Providing appropriate curriculums or programs to meet the desires of individual children who learn at different rates and in different ways needs much skill and knowledge from the educator or teacher. In planning the everyday program a wide range of teaching strategies will be needed that involve individual, and large and small group activities. Not simply should the provision offer children opportunities for a broad range of creative and ingenious play activities, but there must be sufficient time and space to permit children to develop and extend their play, sometimes alone and at times in the company of other children or an adult. Programs have changed in response to social, economic, and political forces. However, these changes have not always taken into account the basic developmental needs of young children, which have remained constant. Programs should be tailored to meet the needs of children, rather than expecting children to adjust to the demands of a specific program. In the Hyson, Hirsh-Pasek, and Rescorla study (1990), pre-school children enrolled in child-initiated programs displayed lower levels of test anxiety than children enrolled in academic programs, regardless of parental preferences for classroom approaches. In the second study (Burts et al. , 1990), children in inappropriate classrooms exhibited more total stress behaviors throughout the day and more stress behaviors during group times and workbook/worksheet activities. Early childhood teaching is simply and completely about children and their well being. The tenet that each child is unique is basic in early childhood philosophy. It is very important therefore that early childhood educators should plan flexible programs that accommodate individual growth. Additionally, an early childhood perspective acknowledges the importance of providing children with opportunities to interact, understand and cooperate in groups (Day Drake, 1986). In view of these arguments, the principle of programming in the framework of the KLA and in the context of a formal academic education should not yet be employed in the early childhood education, in particular, kindergarten class. The Curriculum for early childhood education must be subjected to vigilant evaluation. The program should see children as active learners, supporting them to become self-determining, being problem solvers and decision makers. It should not be a stiff program but offers a framework for childrens learning. Though it has much in common with usual nursery practice, it places greater accountability upon children for planning and executing their own actions. Working on an idea of the plan, do and review, the environment is arranged so that it optimizes childrens learning, using key experiences to examine and plan for the individual needs of children, for instance adult-child communication strategies, partnership with parents, observation and record keeping. The key experiences embedded concept of active learning are: †¢ Using language such as depicting objects, events and relations; †¢ Active learning such as controlling, transforming and mixing materials; †¢ Characterizing ideas and experiences such as role playing, pretending; †¢ Developing rational reasoning such as learning to label, match and sort objects; †¢ Understanding time and space such as evoking and anticipating events, learning to get things in the classroom. (Curtis, A. , 1999) These key experiences not only offer the framework for planning and evaluating activities but also facilitate the staff to guide children from one learning incident to another. They suggest questions to put to the children and facilitate staff to assess childrens development and offer a basis for discussion with the parents. To achieve individually appropriate programs for young children, early childhood teachers must work in partnership with families and communicate regularly with the childrens parents. During early childhood, children are largely dependent on their families for identity, security, care, and a general sense of well being. Communication between families and teachers helps build mutual understanding and guidance, and provides greater consistency for children. Joint planning between families and teachers facilitates major socialization processes, such as toilet learning, developing peer relationships, and entering school. Mutual sharing of information and insights about the individual childs needs and developmental strides help both the family and the program. Regular communication and understanding about child development form a basis for mutual problem solving about concerns regarding behavior and growth. Teachers seek information from parents about individual children. Teachers promote mutual respect by recognizing and acknowledging different points of view to help minimize confusion for children. The positive attributes of parent/teacher relationships are relatively easy to develop when teachers and parents have the same backgrounds, speak the same languages, share values and goals for children, and, in general, like one another. Parents are also more likely to relate to their childrens caregivers and teachers in positive ways, and are aware of the conditions under which the staff is working. For both parents and teachers, continuity of the children’s educational experience is critical to their development. Such continuity results from communication both horizontally, as children change programs within a given year, and vertically, as children move on to other settings. As such, programming of early childhood education should be based more on creative learning and not on rigid academic programs and they should be the same from child care to kindergarten. Lastly, the community and the society at large also have a stake in the quality of early childhood programs. Early childhood education entails an informed community willing to act upon the idea that high quality early education is necessary for future generations (Pascall, C. and Bertram, T. , 1997). When early childhood programs succeed in getting children off to a good start, families, schools, and communities will be strengthened. Children will grow up to be responsible, law abiding and productive citizens who will contribute to the country’s progress. In this sense, posterity itself eventually reaps the benefits of high-quality early educational experiences. Conclusion Curriculums and programs are frequently viewed only in terms of the product or the content to be taught. It is far more encompassing than this, though. The curriculum should also be considered in terms of the processes linking to learning and teaching, the objectives that both teachers and learners hold, the contradictory social and cultural experiences’ learners and teachers bring, and the realities that occur from classroom interactions and situations. In early childhood education, set programming standards that are based on academic formal structure and being practiced in classrooms should not be employed. Teaching and learning programs and the assessing and reporting of student achievement that relates directly to the learning outcomes and curriculum content provided in the NSW Board of Studies K-6 syllabuses is not yet applicable and favorable for very young minds. Instead, programs and teaching practices in early childhood settings should be more responsive to the needs and interests of the children. Programs should include a plan of activities that matches the childrens needs and promotes their independence. The plan should contain activities and exercises that help children to develop social, motor, language, and thinking skills. Programs should also provide a variety of experiences designed to encourage exploration and problem-solving, and an awareness of how diverse the world is beyond the home. Daily morning schedule for kindergarten as well as child care should be very similar. The only difference between the two settings is that kindergarten school children tend to arrive all at once while children arrive at child care centers according to their parents work schedules. Early childhood education in both kindergarten and child care settings must actively work to provide learning in a nurturing environment that matches the needs of the children. Parents also have active role in this endeavor. Children learn much from the adults around them, not simply from the planned learning opportunities but also from the customs and routines of daily living. The attitudes of the adults and other children and the shared relationships that are formed are as vital to childrens development as the activities in which they are engaged. The goals of the entire child care community, then, must be to encourage and support early childhood professionals to raise standards in our young children’s education. In providing an effective and successful program for early childhood education, our society and our country will reap the rewards of raising disciplined and productive children who will contribute greatly in our communities. References: †¢ Burts, Diane C. ; Hart, Craig H. ; Charlesworth, Rosalind; DeWolf, D. Michele; Ray, Jeanette; Manuel, Karen; Fleege, Pamela O. (1993). Developmental appropriateness of kindergarten programs and academic outcomes in first grade. Journal of Research in Childhood Education. Vol 8(1), 23-31. †¢ Bredekamp, S. and Copple, S. (eds) (1997). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs (revised edition). Washington DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. †¢ Bredekamp, Sue (ed) (1998). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8. Retrieved from http://www. newhorizons. org/lifelong/childhood/naeyc. html. †¢ Chugani, H. , M. E. Phelps, J. C. Mazziotta. (1987). Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Annals of Neurology 22 (4): 495 †¢ Curtis, A. (1998). Curriculum for the Pre-School Child, second edition, London and New York:Routledge. †¢ Curtis, A. (1999). Evaluating Early Childhood Programmes: Are we asking the right questions? Paper presented at Early Childhood Conference, Santiago, March 1999. †¢ Edwards, C. , Gandini, L. and Forman, G. (eds) (1998). The Hundred Languages of Children, second edition, London: Ablex Publishing Corporation. †¢ Glascot, Kathleen. (1994). A Problem Theory for Early Childhood Professional. Childhood Education. Proofquest Education Journal, Vol. 70,3,131. †¢ Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy; Hyson, Marion; Rescorla, Leslie. (1990). Academic environments in preschool: Do they pressure or challenge young children? Early Education and Development, Vol. 1(6), 401-423. †¢ Hutchins, T. Sims, M. (1999). Program Planning for Infants and Toddlers: An Ecological Approach. Sydney: Prentice Hall. †¢ University of Illinois, Children’s Research Center. DAP:What Does Research Tell Us?. Retrieved Aug 31 from http://ceep. crc. uiue. edu. †¢ Website of NSW Dept . of Education and Training. Retrieved Aug, 31, 2006 from http://www. curriculumsupport. education. nsw. gov. au/primary/index. html

Business Process Redesigning At Starbucks

Business Process Redesigning At Starbucks This research paper discusses the reversal of the growth momentum achieved by Starbucks Company and the problems facing its internal business process which in turn would decrease the customer base of the company in the long run. The paper suggests some positive steps to stall the decline by introducing redesigning in areas like information system for better interaction and adding value in its whole supply chain process. In order to be more cost effective in the whole of the value chain of Starbucks the paper has introduced certain tools like lean management and IT software to smoothen the process of interaction in a much better way. Starbucks Company has attained a unique place in the world for the brewing and retailing of extra rich coffee experience that it gives to its millions of customers. The company has more than 16600 stores in over 40 countries and is still expanding. Starbucks sells different varieties of coffee like drip brewed coffee, espresso hot drinks, coffee beans, salads and other snacks, besides offering mugs and tumblers with its logo over the counter. Starbucks also runs an entertainment division and markets music and films apart from the sale of books and other stationery. Although Starbucks Company is seen to be the worlds largest producer and retailer of specialty coffee, offering the widest range of regular and decaffeinated coffee and beverages, it is not likely to be so in the future due to stiff competition and price war. This means that most likely the competitors which are both local cafes and large retail giants are gaining ground in this niche area where Starbucks previously had a firm foothold. This is quite likely as the current trends of the worlds largest coffee brewer suggest and necessitated the giant to close down shutters on many of its promising coffee stores around the world. The recession has further taken its toll with many consumers preferring similar coffees at cheaper price. Therefore, there is every reason to suggest that Starbucks carries out a total redesigning of its existing levels of functions right from the stage it procures its materials like raw bean purchase to the stage when the final output passes on to the hands of the customers at its various stores. This is not an insurmountable task as Starbucks own system has so far allowed it to function without much of hindrance. But given the fact that the current market conditions have changed drastically and the stiff competition has brought a price war, Starbucks would have to make some changes in the methods pertaining to this problem. Hence, this paper suggests certain important steps in the right direction which could make Starbucks a formidable challenge to it customers as well as retain its large customer base almost intact. The first and primary step is to make some changes in the way the information system at Starbucks functions and the second is the way the lean management system could be introduced in its value chain starting from the procurement of raw materials to the sale of coffee beverages at its retail counters. In order to bring out the required focus on these two foremost activities it is necessary for Starbucks to introduce a newer and better Information System to solve this problem. This would mean that Starbucks would have to implement new software which helps in allowing the free flow of information through the complete supply chain process. As we move into the information age, the success of the organization depends upon its own experience and that of others and by the right method of collecting this information it attains the greatest competitive advantage (Fairfield, 2001). The second problem is to curtail wastages as well as avoid the fluctuating prices of coffee beans while procuring through a series of checks and pragmatic forecasting. The fluctuation in prices could be seasonal and the procurement could be done by meticulous planning. For instance, coffee procurement could be made by coming into terms with the suppliers on a long term basis where prices of coffee beans could be fixed. In this Starbucks is way ahead of all other competitors and can dictate terms in the market to some extent and there by reduce its procurement costs. For all this to be made into a seamless operation the rapid flow of information with the help of Internet and intranet is of paramount importance and hence the right software facilitating this flow for stage by stage implementation of lean management and the consequent training of the staff for the fulfillment of the whole process are the prerequisites. Here, the Information System is quite different from the Information Technology and should not be confused. At Starbucks the information system includes the component known as Information Technology and this is allowed to function in tandem with that of other processes in order to get the maximum effect. The Information system at Starbucks should achieve alignment of processes, the use of hardware, the installation of the requisite software and the relevant flow of data from one end of the value chain to the other. At Starbucks it is therefore suggested that there should be a different approach for the flow of information and they must add value at every level of the supply chain. For this reason the staff ought to be trained in the right direction for understanding the whole processes at Starbucks in order to give the customers the best experience they can get anywhere else at affordable and competitive pricing. The information system at Starbucks can be made to use for procurement of supplies, the passing of the materials into the inventory, supplying and cooking section and to the counter where the items pass into the hands of the customers. In order to make this operation smooth and almost effortless the staff must be trained with skills in usage of the intranet and the Internet as well as lean management system. The basic idea is to get everyone right from the procuring stage to the customer service section the knowledge and skills are required of lean management system. Not only this, the staff at each level of function adds something of value by carefully monitoring the items that pass through his or her hands and add value to it. The ultimate product when it reaches the hands of the customers is one of rich and mind-boggling experience which the competitors would fail to do as it is Starbucks competitive strength. This culture once when imbued to all the areas of the Starbucks with the help of the fastest method in the form of unique software could become a marvel to its own employees as well as other stakeholders. The key determinant is how a brand is positioned and successful positioning involves associating the b rand to the category which the customers can easily recognize and quickly differentiate (Iacobucci, 2001). Aligning Corporate Goal with Lean Management The mission statement of Starbucks is to inspire and nurture the human spirit and in fact means one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. The mission statement thus is quite ambitious for Starbucks and had not there been much of competition and every additional store that it established in one neighborhood made money for it then the mission is quite in line with practicality. However, this is not so for Starbucks has to buckle under the pressure of world wide recession and many of its stores had to close down. In order for the mission statement and its objective are made practical Starbucks would have to implement the lean management system at each stage and to put that into affect it must have a smooth information flowing system in place. As lean management would put a check into the wastage apart from adding quality and value to the product at every stage it would allow the mission and the objectives of the company to be achieved without any hindrance. Perhaps the lean ma nagement system being quite effective especially during crash crunch, there would be more liquidity infused into the system as well as there would be money available to fulfill the need for one store per neighborhood as per the mission statement. With proper checks in wastage through this system there would be better checks and controls over items that are not cost effective or which are not quite in line with Starbucks brand. Again, apart from quality the product looks and the way it is served should be appealing and this is also achieved by the staff who is involved in adding value to it. Product quality by itself does no make a sale for the customers must understand that the items they receive are of good quality and value (Reddy, 1994). Cost Benefits of Systems Change One of the chief factors for introducing lean management techniques at Starbucks is to control wastage and give priority to procurement of supplies and produce coffee beverages, snacks and other food products according to the demand. The software developed for the purpose would ensure the smooth function of the whole system so that neither there is any lag in quality of the product nor any wastage results out of it. In case of such careful alignment the functions of all departments in the supply chain remain uninterrupted and the end product attains a value that is truly an experience for the consumers. Again, by reducing the overall cost effectively the margins achieved are on the higher side and give the Starbucks Company the flexibility to manipulate the price and if need be can reduce it significantly enough which is not at all possible for the competition. The other advantage is that during peak season there would be enough liquidity for expansion plans, especially in emerging economies where the affect of recession has not been felt so badly. So even if the Starbucks management thinks of expanding further it would not face resource crunch. But the best of all in this system is the performance of staff which would be quite in line with mission statement of the company. The trained staff of Starbucks would be better placed in tackling any difficulties or problems and can be entrusted with even greater responsibilities. The very culture would pave way for work life balance as a whole with total quality management being the focal point in the behavior of staff. Apart from that the employees would work in a more efficient manner as they would be rewarded and promoted based on the systems efficiency. All these actions finally translate into increase customer service and further improve upon the customer service information by receiving feed backs such that the system is again made more efficient and productive. Implementation of the System The implementation of the lean management system could be made in a phased manner than in an abrupt manner. The fact is that Starbucks has already got a system in place which is quite good as far as the standards are concerned. But this does not necessitate the system to be perfect as the cost effectiveness of its operation along with total quality control is of primary importance. However, while introducing a system over that of another or scrapping one altogether may not be quite to the liking of the employees and even managers as they would have already made themselves comfortable with the older system. Besides, they would not want another system to be thrust upon them for there is no written guarantee of sorts whether the new system would perform better or worse. Besides, it is quite a well known fact in the industrial circles that redesigning and reengineering have backfired on several well known companies. Many of these companies have had success over time only after several ea rlier attempts at reengineering had proved to be futile. This naturally brings all sorts of apprehension in the minds of the employees and they might resist these by deliberate acts of underperformance or vociferously. Hence, on its part the management should be aware of these changes and try to implement them in a phased manner. In many instances the employees as rightfully seen are the first target as they may be shifted or transferred or even asked to leave. This may be good for the company, but it surely upsets any employee who has given honest service to the company for many years. With the proper implementation of mechanisms that would address such issues the management may make the move for change in the system and introduce in a phased manner the lean system of management. They should also form an ideal mutually acceptable condition for this change and all employees are to be made aware of the fact that the customers nowadays are more discerning than ever before and if the c ompany does not change or address this problem then it would have to down its shutter permanently. Customers are more discerning than they used to in the past when they purchased simply depending upon their whims and fancies (Griffin, 2002). This sums up that the customer is the most important person at the premise of the stores of Starbucks and that the customer satisfaction should be the objective of the company policies and any change to that end has to be implemented whether it is acceptable to the employees and the management or not. The new system which would be implemented in a phased manner can be done within a stipulated period of time of one year. In order to implement the lean management system a good project plan is required and the management must ensure that the proper project management software is used for the purpose. There are many types of software and the management as well as the other employees may be taken into confidence for the most suitable software after getting their feedback and response. The resulting software could be chosen in consultation with a software company to suit the business. One of the prerequisite part of the project planning which actually relates to work schedules and the period of time that is required for their completion can be derived from a Gantt chart. These again can be developed with the help of a good software company or if it is to be used for each individual store then the same could be downloaded from various websites. Under the project plan the scope of the pro ject is defined and then steps are taken and drafted for the completion of the same. That is various areas that require changes at Starbucks are stated and written down and these are then grouped in order the specific jobs could be allocated to individual employees. This can be more easily done with the help of a software program and the logical interrelationship between the different tasks like supplies, logistics, inventory, kitchen and counter can be very well defined with the help of a diagram drawn or charted in the computer and then passed on to various stores with the help of the Internet. Here, the management as well as the employees can quickly get an idea of the important parts of the system as well as their most critical areas. With the help of this project planning Starbucks management can estimate the cost of resources that are necessary under the lean management system and the cost of implementation of each type of activity. This would enable them to get the total project cost and which again would lead to trimming and pruning of the budgetary allowances and the cost of implementation by foregoing some areas while making the necessary changes in the others. Conclusion The Starbucks systems change by introducing lean management with the supplementary help from flow of information can be made into an effective tool for the overall growth of the organization, especially in retaining its large customer base and getting new ones. The system which is almost foolproof in nature is a concerted action on part of all level of employees and stakeholders in the supply chain. This redesign mitigates most of the fear that would have arisen had Starbucks lost a good number of its customers to its competitors. The risk of losing business is in fact greatly curtailed and Starbucks can look forward to a complete turnaround in its profitability and share value after the system is made operational. One of the most important factors in this type of lean management technique is the overall focus which would make the staff and the management even more involved as their benefits would soon be perceived at all stages of the company. There would be no paucity of funds for day to day operation or if Starbucks had wanted to introduce an item on no profit or no loss basis for creating more value and goodwill then the same could be done without much affect on the overall profits of the company. The introduction of kiosks and digital retailing solutions and self service kiosks which could be established anywhere could be implemented as they are all a perfect match to the system of lean management.