The Falling Standard of English in Malaysia Essay Example for Free

The Falling Standard of English in Malaysia Essay I have recently conducted survey about the falling standard of English in Malaysia. The results of the survey are seriously disappointed. Especially the younger generation nowadays, I found they are hardly speak and can’t even pronounce the terms properly and correctly. However there’s only a small number of Malaysians communicate well in the language and many of them are from the older generation where they were schooled in the English medium.. They have an idea that we are living in Malaysia and why should we learn English instead of Malay. Actually all sciences subjects in Malaysia suppose to be in English. However now the students in form 4 have to learn all the sciences subjects in Malay. These leading them unable to catch up in their studies because previously they were learning all those subjects in English. The switching in languages not only causing the students poor in their academic performances but also making them suppose the Malay is much more important than the English. Soon, English is no longer using in their daily lives. The cause of falling standard of English between the Malaysian is there are too many ethnic in Malaysia with different lauguage to communicate with each other. They more prefer to speak their own lauguage at home such as bahasa Malaysia,  chinese ,Tamil and others. It is the main reason why Malaysian always can’t hold a good English to communicate with other. I also realise that the younger generation in the rural area do not realise the importance of english until they started to working. They even feel regret when they are going to interview as they can’t speak a complete sentence to their boss. Eventually they fail to get their jobs. Some of the younger generations do not have a good attitube to study the english. They always adopt the way ‘l don’t care’ on their study. As a result , they have a broken english and can’t do a good communicate with each others . Due to the falling standard english in Malaysia , it brings lot of effects to the development of the country in the future. Someone who do  not master their English well, he will find it difficult and less confident to talk to others. Thus, they can’t communicate well with each others and then the standard of English between the malaysian are going downhill. For those students do not study English well, they will find it difficult on their study especially the subjects that was in English . They can’t do their homework because they don’t understand what the questions enquiry. They will out of step of the study even affect their education on the future. Nowaday, English occupy a lot of importance in the country. The 2nd generation without mastery  the English well, they will fall in social backend. Due to more and more things to English, the 2nd generation without master english will be end up with a tragedy.   I have found out some possible solutions to solve the problems. First of all, we need to keep reading.Reading can be a good habit but also a good way to increase the vocabulary. There are more and more reading materials spawn in the Malaysia , such as news, magazine, novel and others. The younger generation can study through the reading material to improve their poor English step by step. Besides, the government should encourage the citizens to study English well even though it was tough from the beginning. The government can make the English as a compulsory subject to pass, then the students may work harder on it and then the students can master their English well. The students’ parents should have open-minded to give a chance for their children to study english even though they do not master English well before. Parents can study together with their children without feeling shame because learning regardless of age. Through this way, the English standard will absolutely improve. Be best friend with a good English dictionary, it may help to improve English with obvious improve. Buy a dictionary and keep it next when  reading .When stumble upon a word don’t know , just looking in the word up the dictionary beside . It has a lot of challenge when to make a changes of the falling standard of English in Malaysia. It is difficult for the government  to make a whole new change in the syallabus as there are a lot of procedures to have be done. For example, they have to get approval from the schools , citizens and so on. The sudden change in syallbus also cause a lot of problems to the students. Most of them might fail their examinations. Eventually they might feel upset and give up the subjects. A good study environments should without stress and enjoyable.The governments should focus on the kindergarden and the primary schools. Build up a strong basic for the kids. Soon when they get to secondary school and college, there should’t be a problem for them. In a nutshell, English is considered as one of the most important languages in the world. English had been playing a major role in many sector in Malaysia.If we know English we never feel tongue tide in front of others. So, learning English from now onward the government and citizens should cooperate in order to achieve the coming 2020 which is stated by former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir bin Mohamad.

Marketing of Haagen Dazs Essay Example for Free

Marketing of Haagen Dazs Essay ew York City, but soon distribution expanded throughout the east coast of the U. S. , and by 1973 Haagen-Dazs products were enjoyed by discerning customers throughout the United States. n 1976, Mr. Mattus daughter Doris opened the first Haagen-Dazs ® Shop. it was an immediate success, and its popularity led to a rapid expansion of Haagen-Dazs ® Shops across the country. in 1983 Mr. Mattus agreed to sell the Haagen-Dazs brand to The Pillsbury Company, which remained committed to the tradition of superior quality and innovation on which Haagen-Dazs ice cream was founded. since then, it has become a global phenomenon, available in 50 countries. the same careful attention to quality that Reuben Mattus built into every Haagen-Dazs product remains today. ce cream lovers the world over now recognize the unique Haagen-Dazs logo as synonymous with the ultimate super-premium ice cream. from the beginning, Haagen-Dazs ice cream has sought to innovate and bring new frozen dessert experiences to its customers, including distinctive flavors such as vanilla swiss almond, butter pecan, and dulce de leche, to name just a few. Haagen-Dazs was also the first to introduce the world to ice cream bars for a grown-up palate, with the introduction of the Haagen-Dazs brand ice cream bar line in 1986. other super-premium innovations followed, with frozen yogurt in 1991 and sorbet in 1993. o this day, the Haagen-Dazs brand remains committed to developing exceptional new super-premium frozen dessert experiences, releasing new flavors every year. Origin of brand name Mattus invented the Danish-sounding Haagen-Dazs as a tribute to Denmarks exemplary treatment of its Jews during the Second World War, and included an outline map of Denmark on early labels. The name, however, is not Danish, which has neither an umlaut nor a digraph zs; nor does it have any meaning in any language or etymology before its creation. Mattus felt that Denmark was known for its dairy products and had a positive image in the U.

Gender Stereotyping In The Media Media Essay

Gender Stereotyping In The Media Media Essay Gender stereotyping is a popular technique that the media employs to generalize female or male traits and personalities. Even though, such action by the media may depict elements of inequality, it is still a popular phenomenon practiced by the media today. These attempts endeavor to identify the sexes based on their consumption patterns, attitudes and socialization. For instance, a female identity is attributed to fashion, design and consumption of sugary products like chocolate. Nevertheless, gender stereotyping has its positive impacts to the society. This paper endeavors analyze gender stereotyping in the media with a view of realizing the causes, effects and best approaches to enhance gender equality through the media. The research will be conducted majorly among media houses or company putting weight on gender stereotyping. An extensive review of the contents the media houses have aired over the years will be critically analyzed to have an idea of the gender stereotypic representations, and present position in the market. Literature review Media images and stereotyping Today, viewers and listeners of the media houses are bombarded by the information they receive. Over the years, such information has shaped views on female or male roles in our society. This information is exposed to children and adults whether they are willing or unwilling, yet may represent stereotypic messages. It is clear the media has a significant impact in shaping the mindset and expectations of a whole generation. As indicated by Durham Douglas (2006), gender stereotypic in the media is a debatable topic that its impacts is traced to childhood appraising based on media representation on the expected traits, personality and attributes of a male or female behavior. Stereotyping by the media is about perceived representation of the products and services gender inclination. In addition, it also represents the social interaction of gender in bringing a different meaning to the same product. The media, therefore, tries to put concrete concepts, attachments and thoughts in the viewers minds on shaping their behavior. Stereotyping representation is a sense-making process that is shaped by the media is various distinctive ways that eventually define the system. For instance, gender issues are organized in different ways in TV shows, adverts and pornography among others (Durham Douglas, 2006). Stereotyping This paper approaches Stereotyping as an imperfect debatable issue that needs to be observed from different perspectives. Gender stereotyping in the media, therefore, involves sharing pictures, advertising, plate printing etc. with a view of providing distinct identifiable behavior among genders that support dominant ideologies. Stereotyping has its negative and positive effects in the society. Among the benefits of media stereotyping are: easily identifiable categories of male and female sexes, help predict behavior in a world that is increasingly growing complex and reaffirm traditional cultural ideologies that define appropriate gender behavior (Matthews, 2007 p. 123). Gender stereotyping in the media has been persistent because of the embedded kernel of truth that stereotypic notions hold a percentage of truth in the real world. In essence, this might be the truth among certain groups in the world. Stereotypes are gradually experiencing a revolution in light of an increasingly globalized world that integrates the cultures and peoples behavior from all corners of the earth. When such change takes place, a uniquely fresh stereotype emerges such as the supermom. Interrelationship exists between the perceptual process in stereotypic illustrations and the linguistic process. These two processes stereotypic thinking exhibit a sense of connection in the likelihood that personal perception is involved. According to Matthews (2007), this means that stereotypes have narrow thinking while lessen the possibility of biasness when portrayed by the media. This is popularly referred to as terministic screen. Therefore, the media are a significant element in the t opic of stereotyping. In fact, first media communications entail individual characterization based on gender such as female make-homes while men are largely dealing with complex tasks like construction work. Other than the advantages mentioned above, stereotyping has a number of negative consequences. Among disadvantages of gender stereotyping in the media are oversimplification of individual personality in groups and hasty assumptions leads to irrelevance in other situations. In addition, stereotyping leads to prejudice and discrimination among groups and hinders equal access to opportunities and resources. Other negative effects of stereotyping are pressures to live up to society ideals and opposed stereotypes bind gender along masculine and feminine behavior (Durham Douglas, 2006). The stereotypic masculine and feminine bound elucidate that men are supposed to be independent, have authority, breadwinners and be aggressors. On the other hand, women are supposed to be dependent, incompetent, caregivers, victims or sex objects etc. The media reports are filled with gender stereotypes as seen in programs such as drama. This content is based on traditionally accepted character, as well as society vices that are classified between genders. Nevertheless, the media have a significant impact to children and adults in determining acceptable behavior. Such stereotypes need to be assessed to deduce the reality. According to Matthews (2007), the media as a medium of communication conveys subtle, yet critical sub-textual information about gender, other than its content. To this extent, the contents and relationships are divided among the axioms of gender. Some hidden information differs, however, gives the implications that men are more aggressive, interesting as well as visible when compared to women. Women are considered to be objects of the male gender. The media stereotypes tend to control their best interest at the expense of gender equality. For instance, they may send stereotypic messages enable them make money. As such, advertisement and TV programs tend to be conservative and repeat past formulas with the sole purpose of making a large audience. Therefore, today gender stereotyping in the media may not be the exact representation of reality. In this context, there a large content between old and new stereotypes that are confusing. This paper will seek to assess gender stereotyping in the media focusing on images and pictures that attribute the topic. For instance, the female or male presentation, the products used to represents gender, the audience being targeted as well as what the media talks about gender roles and behavior. According to Andrea Press (1989), gender equality has become a social debate that attracts terrains of struggle between men and women. This also points to the cultural power between the male and female as assumed in the society. Therefore, this paper will seek to identify the ideologies of gender assumed by the society over the years with reference to the content reproduced by the media. Nonetheless, prior literature on this topic suggests that stereotyped representation of gender by the media is natural and attempt to justify gender roles naturally. Agenda Setting, gatekeeping or cultivation theory Many people think the media reports what is most relevant. However, according to Bittner (2000) the media merely relays or dramatizes information that reflects the importance in the minds of the audience. Many times the audiences observe just what seems to be necessary, but may not be relevant in reality. As suggested by Bittner (2000), media create an agenda for the audience based on their own preferences and interests. This is called the agenda theory. The gatekeeping theory suggests that the media airs anything based on their selection of what is necessary in relation to the thoughts of the audience about what does not appear. In this regard, gender stereotyping by the media is on what is represented. The real issue is the depiction of women and men in stereotypical ways. This illustrates that gender stereotyping by the media is a reflection of cultural tradition. Whatever the society deems are of importance is probably what the media will report. In addition, reviews about daytime talk shows unveil womens genre of programs. Most talk shows discuss issues about women, as opposed to men. However, the real question is the importance of the discussion or the show to the audience. If the discussions are important to the audience then it is considered a reality, however, if the media decides to show contents based on company preferences, it sets the agenda for the audience. The latter is clearly stereotyping in the media. The third is the cultivation theory, which proposes that the media cultivates perception among the audience. This means that the media makes mass communication especially through the television about a distorted perception in the society. As suggested by Malgorzata (2011), the audience tends to think that the real situations are as the way they are represented in the films, advertisement or television. Although part of the media reported is a representation of the reality, it is not fully-realistic. For instance, Gerbner and his business partners discovered that individuals who watch television news too much always think there is more violence in the world than it really is. Such an audience tends to think along peace and violence lines, but the reality is quite different. Another illustration is when many audiences anticipate romantic relationships to look like those in the films and television. The truth is that many relationships are not, rather there are many relationships that h ave problems and end up in breakups. This is because media representation is not just the reality but, it does not depict the set period. Generalization and simplification of gender by the media Indeed the topic of gender stereotyping has increasingly elicited attention from many groups of interest. Consciously or unconsciously, the community absorbed the notion of gender stereotypes through socialization which was stirred by media discussions and advertisements among others. Most generalizations or simplification based on cultural ideologies represent false thoughts of reality and have positive and negative impacts. The media reveal gender stereotypic differences through the depiction of the female character as thin and inclined to tender beauty. The male characters are portrayed as strong and independent with little concern about fashion or beauty. The generalization of women in the media as being objectified has been pronounced in the media adverts, programs and discussions for long. With the gap between men and women roles slimming, the media stereotypes towards gender have the same effect on both genders. The abundant slimming adverts and discussion have serious consumes self-conceptualization, uniqueness as well as gender values. Adverts are popular and its repetitions through the media make them the most powerful tools on information in the society. As such, advertisements have a fundamental contribution to the cause of stereotypic problems as they foster a society that sells womens bodies as acceptable and short and less masculine men as inferior. As such, these individuals feel overstretched to conform to the general justification of an acceptably lovely man or woman. In fact, many women and men are forced to go to great lengths to alter their physique in an attempt to fit in the media-perceived environment. Therefore, their mindset is subjected to perceive their faces as masks while their bodies are objects. This is because changes to ones face or body imply augmentation as well as disguise. The case is worse for a female audience since they are advised to internalize the reported information based on the perspective of their own physique or attributes. This perception does not include attention to other invisible attributes like emotional feelings and inner bodily states. This illustrates objectification of gender. Studies indicate that advertisements tend to objectify women body and beauty, as opposed to men. Men is popular in selling merchandise while the females are portrayed to that pronounces their sexuality. Traditional setting on gender-objectification plays a role to associate the female gender with their personal traits. As such, enables one to assess the value of their personality or traits based on these stereotypes. Eventually, one should be able to control his or her assoc iation. As such, their actions are a result of presumptions that leave them preoccupied in effect called self-objectification (Malgorzata, 2011). Hypothesis (H) The literature review in this paper sheds enough light for the researcher to come up with the following hypothesis that the study will seek to realize. H1: Media reports represents their own agenda that tends to distort perception along gender lines rather than the reality This means that the media makes mass communication especially through the television about a distorted perception in the society. As such, the audience tends to think that the real situations are as the way they are represented in the films, advertisement or television. The truth is that many relationships are not, rather there are many relationships that have problems and end up in breakups. This is because media representation is not just the reality but, it does not depict the set period. H2: Gender stereotyping in the media significantly affects the patterns of life between men and female Stereotyping by the media is about perceived representation of the products and services gender inclination. In addition, it also represents the social interaction of gender in bringing a different meaning to the same product. As such, female and males will have different preferences of products and services, yet in reality the product is unisex. H3: Gender stereotyping in the media is a continuous process since a new stereotype reemerges every day Stereotypes are gradually experiencing a revolution in light of an increasingly globalized world that integrates the cultures and peoples behavior from all corners of the earth. When such change takes place, a uniquely fresh stereotype emerges such as the supermom. Interrelationship exists between the perceptual process in stereotypic illustrations and the linguistic process. These two processes stereotypic thinking exhibit a sense of connection in the likelihood that personal perception is involved. Methodology The research will be conducted majorly among media houses or company putting weight on gender stereotyping. First data will be collected from the media companies. This will comprise of secondary data such as video, pictures advertisement and program reviews. This will be through analysis of the media promotional strategies, financial information from advertisements and programs, general presentation of content, together with the marketing goals and objectives with regard to gender stereotyping. Thereafter, the researcher shall move to unrecorded data, this will involve holding the interview with various employees and company stakeholders of the media houses. As suggested by Durham, Douglas, (2006) these interviews will be carried out through online, face to face and offline methods. It is worth noting that all the interview information shall be gauged under one footing. Further, the research shall move to the external environment involving the audience, customers, external stakehold ers and the competitor analysis. Analysis and interpretation The data collected will be analyzed. Analysis will involve going through the secondary documents and primary data collected in an attempt harmonize the information. Analysis will involve patterns, correlation and identify trends in gender stereotyping. In addition, the analysis will also cut across examination of phallic symbols, yonic symbols. As such, the research will table a number of approaches to strategies to come up with the best strategy that will reveal stereotypes that are negative and positive. The analysis of this study will be based on justification of gender ideologies as covered in the literature review (Matthews, 2007). Therefore, the study will be based on stereotypical mythic structure that represents gender stereotyping in the media today. The researcher will focus on determining underlying predispositions about gender attributes as espoused in Jungian archetypes. Much concentration will be channeled to media representation of femininity and masculinity. Timeline and Reporting The research will involve sources both from the general population, media content, and journals and on online surveys carried about the gender stereotyping in the media. The online survey will target the products that allow consumers to access online services. The concrete conclusions obtained can be used to review the information targeted to the audience along stereotypic contexts (Malgorzata, 2011). Interviews may be carried out through the website either by exchanging emails or by even live chats with some of the products consumers and audiences as well as media houses. This is a convenient way to reach out to the majority of the populations who have access to the online services and media content via their mobile handsets. This can be achieved by expressing interest to question some audiences online. If they happen to have seen the advertisement of products those interested will respond to the article, there might be a series of simple questions upon which will guide the respondents to the real questionnaire. This helps avoid jokers who may not be willing to give any information towards the research. The topic should be posted so that readers will evaluate it and decide whether to assist with the answers or not. The research will be conducted for three months. The data collected will be used to identify all the research objectives and link with responses received from online and offline interviews carried out by the researcher.

Organ Trail :: essays research papers

I have traveled the Oregon Trail many times in my day. From various mistakes I have made in the past, I have learned different procedures to take in order to prevent bad things from taking place. I have also learned many techniques that have helped me along my journey. I hope to share these steps of advice with the new travelers of the Oregon Trail. If these steps are followed, the ride is assured to be much safer. Important Steps To Take 1) Do bring plenty of money. There will be many different stops along the way where you can trade. It will be important to get new tools and belongings on your way to help you. You can also trade for food. You may run out of food on your trip so it will be necessary to have money as a side plane. 2) Do bring a riffle. It will be important to have a riffle for protection. There will be many dangerous obstacles along your way. You may have Indians or other men who stand in your way or wish to fight. You may also have animals such as buffalo that you can hunt and make great use out of. A riffle will definitely come in handy in your travels. 3) Do bring lots of water. Water will help you to stay healthy along your way. You can easily get dehydrated on a trip like this. Water is better then any drink because it helps you to maintain your body the best. Water will nourish all of the people on your wagon and keep them in good conditions. 4) Do bring basic medicines. It is easy for your fellow members to get ill on this long and harsh journey. You will face deadly weather conditions and many diseases along your way. While traveling there will be no close destinations to stop and recover the sick at. Nor will you have time to take breaks in order for the sick to get well. The medicine will help them get better as you continue to travel. 5) Do bring basic tools. You will go through various things where tools will be extremely useful. You may get stuck in the mud after a downfall near The Great Basin. You will need tools to help you work the wagon out of the mud. You may also need to fix parts of the wagon in case pieces break through the rough journey. Organ Trail :: essays research papers I have traveled the Oregon Trail many times in my day. From various mistakes I have made in the past, I have learned different procedures to take in order to prevent bad things from taking place. I have also learned many techniques that have helped me along my journey. I hope to share these steps of advice with the new travelers of the Oregon Trail. If these steps are followed, the ride is assured to be much safer. Important Steps To Take 1) Do bring plenty of money. There will be many different stops along the way where you can trade. It will be important to get new tools and belongings on your way to help you. You can also trade for food. You may run out of food on your trip so it will be necessary to have money as a side plane. 2) Do bring a riffle. It will be important to have a riffle for protection. There will be many dangerous obstacles along your way. You may have Indians or other men who stand in your way or wish to fight. You may also have animals such as buffalo that you can hunt and make great use out of. A riffle will definitely come in handy in your travels. 3) Do bring lots of water. Water will help you to stay healthy along your way. You can easily get dehydrated on a trip like this. Water is better then any drink because it helps you to maintain your body the best. Water will nourish all of the people on your wagon and keep them in good conditions. 4) Do bring basic medicines. It is easy for your fellow members to get ill on this long and harsh journey. You will face deadly weather conditions and many diseases along your way. While traveling there will be no close destinations to stop and recover the sick at. Nor will you have time to take breaks in order for the sick to get well. The medicine will help them get better as you continue to travel. 5) Do bring basic tools. You will go through various things where tools will be extremely useful. You may get stuck in the mud after a downfall near The Great Basin. You will need tools to help you work the wagon out of the mud. You may also need to fix parts of the wagon in case pieces break through the rough journey.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald I want to introduce you to, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The book is set in the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† as it takes place in the summer of 1922. It is the height of the jazz age as society is dissolves into the Great Depression. The protagonist is Jay Gatsby and narrated by Nick Carraway. The story is about jay’s love for a woman, Daisy Buchanan. And it is about Jay’ Gatsby’s will to achieve greatness as he perceives it. He is a driven by money and power. He was a man with a vision to succeed in life. As a child, Jay Gatsby grew up on a farm. He saw his parents as nothing but farmers. Gatsby knew exactly what he didn’t want to be and that was like his parents. They were people who were content with who they were. Gatsby, on the other hand, was the exact opposite. He wanted to move on. Jay Gatsby wanted to be someone special, someone with prestige and someone definitely with money. Gatsby developed a self improvement plan to help him flourish as a young man. His plan detailed dumbbell exercises, studying electricity, practicing elocution and studying needed inventions. Even his parents knew he was driven. His father said: "Jimmy was bound to get ahead. He always had some resolve like this or something. Do you notice what he’s got about improving his mind? He was always great for that". The structured drive let Gatsby prevail in his endeavors. However, there are some things people just can’t get away from. James Gatsby desperately wanted to achieve success in life. However, it is difficult to flourish with a background like Gatsby’s. So to escape his past, he changed his name at the age of 17 from James Gats to Jay Gatsby. Nonetheless, changing his name only did so much for him. Gatsby ended up living a life of lies because of his hidden identity. Nobody really knew Gatsby. So in the absence of people’s knowledge, they conjured up rumors. "One time he killed a man who found out he was a nephew of von Hindenburg and second to the devil". The rising action is Gatsby is meeting the young lady named Daisy. Daisy was very beautiful and came from a wealthy background. Nonetheless, Daisy’s background was the one thing preventing them from marriage.

Alexander III Essay -- essays research papers

Alexander III According to Plutarch, Alexander was born on the sixth of Hecatombaeon (July) in the year 356 B.C. He was the son of Philip, king of Macedon,and Olympias. Supposedly on the day he was born the temple of Artemis burnt down, signifying his future glory. Not much is known of the youth of Alexander. It is known that he was taught by Aristotle and had a love of the Greek epic poems. One famous story from his youth is told in Plutarch's life of Alexander. Philonius the Thessalian brought the horse Bucephalus to Philip offering to sell him for thirteen talents. Philip and his attendants brought the horse to a field to try him. When they got there none of Philip's attendants could even mount him. They were leading the horse away when young Alexander asked for a chance to ride him. A wager was made that if Alexander could not ride the horse he would pay the price for the horse. After the wager was made Alexander took the horse and pointed him in the direction of the sun. He had noticed that the horse was afraid of his own shadow. He then mounted the horse and began to ride, to the amazement of all who watched. When he got off the horse Philip kissed his son. Plutarch also tells of Alexander entertaining Persian ambassadors while his father was not present. When Alexander was 16 Philip left him in charge of Macedon when Philip went to fight the Byzantines. When Alexander was 20 his father was murdered at the theatre. Some say that Alexander had a part in the plot to assasinate his father but almost all agree that his mother Olympias was a key figure in the death of Philip. Whatever the case may be Alexander took the throne in 336 B.C. Alexander is known for his conquest into Persia. When there, he performed hellenization. Hellenization is the attempt to become "Greek." Alexander helped this process along in the lands that he conquered. Another of the things that Alexander did was he set up cities where ever he went. Garrisons were left in these cities. These colonists would become the ruling class. They would then impose laws or rules to promote hellenization. Also in these cities gymnasiums were set up. Gymnasiums were the center of most Greek cities. What better way to make Persian cities sim... ...at the theatre, Hephaestion ate a fowl for dinner, and drank a large draught of wine. He quickly fell ill and shortly thereafter, died. Alexander was so completely upset that he ordered the tails and manes of all the horses be cut to show respect. He then crucified the doctor, Glaucus. Alexander III had another party in Susa. Susa was the adminsrative capital of the Persian empire. Alexander first went to Susa shortly after the Battle of Gaugamela. There he took control of the money, totalling 50,000 talents($60 million) as well as the rest of the royal property. Alexander was again in Susa in 324 B.C. There he performed a mass marriage. Between eighty and a hundred Macedonian officials took one Persian women each, including Hephaestion and Ptolemy. Alexander himself took two new brides. The wedding was done in traditional Persian style. The bridegroom would sit down in chairs, after a toss the brides came in, took them by the hand, and kissed them. Every guest that sat down for the banquet(roughly 30,000) had a gold cup before them. The celebration went on for no less than 5 days. There was also a big parade in the park.

Catholic Response to Reformation

4. What were the responses of the Catholic authorities in the 16th century to the challenges posed by the Lutheran Reformation? The demand to reform the Roman Catholic Church stretched on for ages. Many people, such as Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Jan Hus criticized the church for its worldliness and believed that one didn’t need direction from the Church, but just needed to read the Bible for guidance. It was from these men that Martin Luther came to the conclusion that faith alone would lead to salvation and you didn’t need to work for it.Martin Luther appealed to Pope Leo X to correct the abuses of the Church. When that didn’t work, he rallied the people to follow him. His beliefs spread through German states and most of Northern Europe. In response, the Catholic Church assembled the Council of Trent, which defined the Catholic religion and reformed the abuses of the Catholic Church. The Church also established the Jesuits, who spread the Catholic teachings during the Lutheran Reformation. Finally, the Church employed many policing tactics against the Lutheran Reformation.These responses kept Catholicism a major religion in Europe. Although the conciliar movement was ended by Pope Pius II around the 1450s, the people during the Lutheran Reformation were calling for a general council of the church. Charles the V, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain, tried to persuade the Pope to assemble a council because he hope that the church would fix some of the abuses, thus stop people from converting to Lutheranism. However, Francis I, King of France, actively promoted the Protestants in Germany, even though France is a Catholic country.He did this because Charles V’s land surrounded France. He wanted Germany to be in a state of argument so that it would be too weak to be a threat to France. While Francis II did this, he also used his influence in Rome to call off any assembly of a council because it would expose the flaws of the Roman Catholic Church. In time, the King of France lost and a council was called to reform the abuses of the Church and establish a statement of the Catholic religion. It began deliberations in 1545 in Trent, in the Alpine border between Germany and Italy.The Council of Trent reaffirmed many beliefs of the Catholic religion such as it justified that faith and works led to salvation, transubstantiation, purgatory, and the celibacy of the clergy. The council of Trent also declared reforms in monastic orders. It called to correct the abuses of indulgence while at the same time upholding the principle. It also called for bishops to take more responsibilities in their administrative control over their clergy and to make sure they were properly taking care of their own duties. The Council also wanted competent men running their churches, so they set up seminaries to educate the priests.The decrees of the Council of Trent would have been obsolete if it wasn’t from a new relig ious seriousness within the Catholic Church. There was much hatred toward the Roman clergy, as shown by the sack of Rome in 1527, where German and Spanish soldiers looted Rome, killed thousands, captured the Pope. Moralist began to speak and there words were heard. New popes, starting with Pope Paul III, regarded his office as a religious force to reform the church. New religious orders were founded on the basis of the new Catholic faith. The Jesuits, the most famous of these orders; it was founded by a Spaniard named St.Ignatius Loyola. He had a religious experience in 1521, when he was a child before hearing of Luther, and wanted to become a soldier of the church. On this experience, he founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Authorized by Pope Paul III in 1540, the Jesuits were an order less attached to the clergy and more actively involved in the affairs of the world. They believe the Roman Church was a divine institution, and all members had to take a pledge to obey the Pope. T he Jesuits were some of the most famous educators of the Catholic world, with around 500 schools in the upper and middle classes.They combined the faith and religious teachings of the Catholic Church with the etiquette teachings that a gentleman should have. The Jesuits also brought into their teachings the Renaissance humanism found in the Latin classics. The Jesuits were not only teachers of the Catholic religion, but they also acted as a missionary force. They recruited members from all over Europe, especially in areas that were still disputed over which religion to choose. After the initial burst of Protestantism faded, many people wanted to return to the Catholic religion, especially when the Council of Trent corrected the most obvious abuses of the Church.The Jesuits reconverted most of these people in the areas of Germany, Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary. They also recruited from countries that already turned Protestant, like England, where their goal was to stop Queen Elizabeth I because they believed that the universal church was more important than national independence in religion. The Catholic Church not only reformed and spread its teachings across Europe, but the Church set up laws and police to enforce the Catholic religion. Many books were censored by the Catholic Church. They were trying to suppress the knowledge of â€Å"heretics†, the Protestants, from the people.The Pope had a list published by the Pope called the Papal Index of Prohibited Books. Only individuals with special permission were able to study these books. There were many establishments that enforced the Church’s rules. None was more dreaded than the Spanish and Papal Inquisitions. Although the Spanish Inquisition was originally established to drive out the Jews and the Muslims, it was introduced to all the Spanish-ruled countries in Europe. It was employed against the Protestant movement in the Netherlands. The Papal Inquisition was established in 1514, under the Hol y Office, a permanent committee of cardinals.To Rome, it was a revival of a famous medieval tribunal for the detection and repression of heresy. Both of these Inquisitions employed torture for various tasks. Torture was used for heresy or employed on any person charged with a crime, whether it was in civil and ecclesiastical court. The Spanish Inquisition was harsher than the Papal Inquisition in terms of punishment, people were often burned alive and the Papal Inquisition was all about protecting the faith in all parts of the Catholic world. In 1560, the major powers in Europe were declared Catholic countries, like France, Spain, and Austria.All the countries that turned to Protestantism were very small countries like the German states and the Scandinavian kingdoms in the north. The biggest Protestant nation was England, but England was still small compared to France and Spain. The reason why Protestantism did not spread is because of the tactics the Catholic Church employed agains t the Lutheran Reformation. The Council of Trent, the Jesuits, and the police commissions like the Inquisition all helped halt the teachings of Martin Luther and convinced the people to believe in the newer and better Catholic Church.